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RESEARCH PROGRESSES IN REMEDIATION OF HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATED SOILS WITH BIOCHAR
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摘要: 随着城市化进程的加快及工业生产的迅速发展，土壤重金属污染日益加剧，对生态环境造成严重的危害。生物炭是缺氧或限氧条件下加热生物质制得的高度芳香化富含碳的固态物质，其在重金属污染土修复方面具有显著效果，受到广泛关注。基于近些年来国内外围绕生物炭修复重金属污染土所取得的研究成果，分别从生物炭的制备及性质、修复效果及其影响因素、修复机理等方面总结了该领域的研究现状及进展，取得如下主要认识：（1）生物炭具有价格低廉，修复效率高，改良土壤、环境友好等优势；（2）生物炭的理化性质主要受原材料和热解温度的影响，采用活化、磁化、氧化和消化等方法能改善生物炭的性质，提高修复效率；（3）生物炭对土壤中重金属迁移性和生物有效性的影响包括两个方面：固定重金属减少生物有效性或者迁移重金属增加生物有效性，后者可通过改性方法来降低重金属的迁移性和生物有效性；（4）生物炭对土体的固化效果一般，但可与其他固化材料共同使用，以改善土体的力学性质；（5）生物炭修复机理固定重金属的效果为：沉淀作用>络合作用>静电作用，离子交换>物理吸附。最后，针对该领域的研究现状，提出了未来的研究重点和方向，主要包括：建立划分生物炭的统一标准；探讨生物炭对多种重金属共同污染的修复效率；阐明生物炭吸附重金属的机理及其贡献率；扩大研究尺度；开展基于生物炭的固化试验及力学性质研究。Abstract: With the acceleration of the urbanization process and the rapid development of industrial production, soil heavy metal pollution is increasing seriously, which is causing serious harm to the ecological environment. Biochar is a solid material containing high fractions of aromatic functional groups and carbon. It is produced through thermal degradation under anoxic or oxygen-limited conditions. It attracts extensive attention because of significant effect in the remediation of soil contaminated with heavy metals. Based on the recent research achievements on biochar remediate heavy metals contaminated soil at home and abroad, the advances of some important aspects on, the research current situation and progress are summarized from several important aspects. They include production and properties of biochar, remediation effect and influencing factors and adsorption mechanism. The follows are shown. (1)Biochar has the advantages of low prices, high efficiency, soil improvement and friendly environment. (2)The physicochemical properties of biochar are affected by biomass materials and pyrolysis temperatures. Activation, magnetization, oxidation and digestion can improve the properties of biochar and efficiency of remediation. (3)The effect of biochar on heavy metal mobility and bioavailability includes two aspects:immobilizing heavy metals to reduce bioavailability or mobilizing heavy metals to increase bioavailability. The latter can be modified to reduce the mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals. (4)The effect of biochar on soil solidification is general, combining with other solidifying materials to improve the mechanical properties of solidified soil. (5)The effect remediation mechanism of biochar immobilized heavy metals is ranked as follows:precipitation > complexation > electrostatic interaction and ion exchange > physical adsorption. Finally, on account of research status in this field, some important research emphases and directions in the future are proposed. They mainly include establishing a uniform classification criterion of biochar, exploring the efficiency of biochar on multi-heavy metals pollution, illustrating the mechanism and contribution rate of adsorbing heavy metals by biochar, expanding the research scale, and carrying out solidification experiment and mechanical property research based on biochar.
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Key words:
- Biochar soil /
- Remediation /
- Heavy metal /
- Mobility /
- Bioavailability
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图 2 热裂解技术制造生物炭和生物燃料(孙红文，2013)
Figure 2. Pyrolysis technology produce biochar and biofuel(Sun, 2013)
图 3 重金属的迁移性、生物有效性和修复效果之间关系的示意图(Bolan et al., 2014)
Figure 3. Schematic diagram illustrating the relationship between mobilization, bioavailability and remediation effect of heavy metals(Bolan et al., 2014)
图 4 采用(a)2 wt%, (b)5 wt%的石灰掺量和10 wt%、20 wt%的高炉矿渣掺量处理生物炭混合土养护不同龄期的无侧限抗压强度(Haque et al., 2014)
Figure 4. Time-dependent unconfined compressive strength of synthetic biochar mixed clays treated with: (a)2 wt%, (b)5 wt% lime and 10 wt%, 20 wt% GGBS(Haque et al., 2014)
图 5 生物炭与重金属的作用机理(改自Ahmad et al., 2014)
Figure 5. Mechanisms of biochar interactions with heavy metals (modified from Ahmad et al., 2014)
表 1 生物炭生产技术和产品分布
Table 1. Biochar production technology and product distribution
制备方法 温度
/℃加热速率
/℃·min-1停留时间 生物炭
/%生物油
/%气体
/%主要产品 参考文献 慢速热裂解 300~800 5~7 ＞1 h 25~34 28~36 19~25 生物炭 Şensöz et al., 2008; Qian et al., 2015 快速热裂解 400~600 1000 ~1s 12 75 13 生物油 Bridgwater, 2007, 2012; Qian et al., 2015 气化 750~1500 100~200 10~20s 10 5 85 合成气 Bridgwater，2007; 何绪生等，2011 水热炭化 160~350 — 1~12h 37~60 5~20 2~5 化工产品 何绪生等，2011; Lehmann et al., 2015 
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表 2 不同热解类型和温度制备生物炭的平均元素组成、pH、比表面积以及阳离子交换容量(CEC)(Lehmann et al., 2015)
Table 2. Average biochar elemental composition, pH, surface area and cation exchange capacity(CEC) based on pyrolysis type and pyrolysis temperature(Lehmann et al., 2015)
热裂解类型 热解温度
/℃C
/%N
/%P
/g·kg-1K
/g·kg-1S
/g·kg-1Ca
/g·kg-1Mg
/g·kg-1Fe
/g·kg-1Cu
/g·kg-1pH 比表面积
/m2·g-1CEC
/mmolc·kg-1快速 300~499 61 0.92 31.5 51.2 0.23 58 1.79 — — 8.33 44.74 28.8 快速 500~699 51.1 0.72 0.3 3.4 0.37 3.7 1.5 1.4 17 7.7 40.99 — 快速 700~900 59.1 0.34 3.39 105.5 — 92.8 120 7.93 — 10.1 178.2 — 慢速 ＜300 53.6 1.25 11.4 4.9 7.05 1.1 — 0.05 5.16 5.01 1.686 327 慢速 300~499 60 1.71 11.9 17 13 43.4 6.25 2.11 289 7.81 81.32 268 慢速 500~699 62.8 1.17 12.5 15.6 2.3 54.4 7.19 1.9 124 9.09 180.5 218 慢速 700~900 64.2 1.53 43.7 53.2 6.57 49.5 20 4.32 509 10.1 189.8 41.5 “—”表示低于检测水平或未被检出
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表 3 生物质原料对土壤中重金属迁移性的影响
Table 3. Effect of biomass on mobility of heavy metals in soil
生物质原料 重金属元素 作用效果 参考文献 松木 Pb，Cd 生物炭对Pb、Cd的固化率可达36.9%和30.86%，减少重金属的累计淋出量 朱庆祥，2011 果树 Cd，Cr，Pb，Zn，Ni，Tl，Cu 果树生物炭的施加使尾矿土的pH和CEC升高，显著降低尾矿中Cd、Cr和Pb的迁移性，而对Zn、Ni和Tl的迁移性没有明显影响，甚至还增加了Cu的迁移性 Fellet et al., 2011 硬木 Cd，Zn 生物炭引起土壤pH升高，淋出液中Cd和Zn的浓度分别减少了300倍和45倍 Beesley et al., 2011
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表 4 修复材料对土壤中重金属生物有效性的影响
Table 4. Effect of remediation material on bioavailability of heavy metals in soil
修复材料 重金属元素 作用效果 参考文献 鸡粪生物炭 Cu 降低了土壤和土壤孔隙水中Cu的浓度，同时减少了植物中Cu的可交换态含量，增加了植物中Cu的有机物结合态含量和残渣态含量 Meier et al., 2017 松木生物炭 Pb，Cd 增加了土壤pH，引起了重金属的酸可提取态、Fe-Mn氧化结合态和有机结合态含量的降低，同时残渣态含量升高，进而降低了重金属的生物有效性利用率 朱庆祥，2011 生物炭、石灰 Cd，Zn 土壤中可交换态Cd的含量出现了不同程度的降低，且降低幅度为：生物炭与石灰混合＞石灰＞生物炭，导致Cd生物有效性的降低 高译丹等，2014 果树生物炭、堆肥 As，Cd，Cu，Pb，Zn 生物炭的施加能显著降低游离重金属的浓度，堆肥中溶解有机碳含量对重金属的迁移性有显著的影响，联合修复能有效降低重金属的生物有效性 Beesley et al., 2014
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表 5 生物炭老化对土壤中重金属迁移性和生物有效性的影响
Table 5. Effect of biochar aging on mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals in soil
修复材料 修复对象 作用效果 参考文献 木质生物炭 农业土壤 施加两年后pH增加了0.32，但施加三年后pH反而降低了0.26，生物炭的石灰效应及其所引起的重金属修复作用可能是短暂的 Jones et al., 2012 生物炭 Cd污染水稻和小麦土 施加两年后水稻和小麦土的CaCl2浸提液中Cd2+浓度最高降低了52.5%和57%，水稻和小麦吸收Cd的总量最高降低了54.2%和37.3% Cui et al., 2011, 2012 生物炭 Cd，Pb稻田土 施加三年后增加了土壤的pH和总有机碳含量，降低了土壤浸出的Cd和Pb浓度 Bian et al., 2014 硬木生物炭和堆肥 Ni，Zn污染场地 施加三年后浸提液中Ni2+和Zn2+浓度分别最高降低了98%和97%，显著增加Ni和Zn的残渣态含量，从而降低Ni和Zn的迁移性和生物有效性 Shen et al., 2016
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