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CHARACTERISTICS AND RUNOUT MECHANISM OF SUPER-LARGE XINMO ROCK AVALANCHE-DEBRIS FLOW IN DIEXI, SICHUAN PROVINCE
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摘要: 2017年6月24日茂县叠溪镇新磨村发生体积近800×104 m3的灾难性特大型滑坡-碎屑流灾害。通过现场调查、遥感解译和资料分析，本文对灾害发育的地质环境条件，崩滑危岩体及运移堆积特征，降雨及地震对崩滑的触发作用等进行了研究，探讨了影响碎屑流运动性的主要效应及其致灾机理，并评价了类似灾害的监测预警新方法。研究认为：（1）新磨村位于1933年叠溪MS7.5地震前已经存在的大型老滑坡堆积体上，多次历史强震和历年降雨循环使滑源区砂板岩坡体表层卸荷带失稳剥离，内部岩体完整性和强度进一步损伤劣化，滑源区在2003年之前已经发育了多条宽大裂缝，并存在显著滑前变形前兆，新磨滑坡本质上是一次后地震机制的灾难性高速岩质滑坡-碎屑流。（2）新磨基岩顺层滑坡体积约150×104 m3，但有约600×104 m3沟道老崩坡积体被刮铲、裹携。滑坡体高位撞击使老堆积体内“土拱效应”快速丧失并获得加速，“刮铲-裹携效应”促进了滑坡-碎屑流的流动性和扩散性，但大规模的裹携也限制了碎屑流运移得更远。这种冲击加载-刮铲裹携的破坏机制与1986年新滩滑坡、2000年易贡滑坡和2004年贵州纳雍左营滑坡等类似。（3）滑坡-碎屑流产生的地震信号分析可再现整个滑坡、冲击、运移、停积等全过程，震前InSAR形变资料分析则揭示了显著的变形前兆，两者结合应是未来这类超视距崩滑-碎屑流灾害早期识别、评价和预警的新方法。（4）鉴于滑后新磨流域仍然存在大量新老裂缝及其切割而成的危险块体，建议立即开展详细的灾害调查、风险评价和监测预警工作，避免类似灾害重复发生。Abstract: On June 24, 2017 a super-large catastrophic rock avalanche-debris flow of 800×104 m3 took place at Xinmo village, Maoxian county of Sichuan Province. Based on the field investigation, remote sensing interpretation and data analysis, the paper studies the geo-environmental conditions of the rock avalanche, the characteristics of failure, movement and deposition, and the triggering actions of rainfall and earthquakes. The main effects on mobility of rock debris and the hazardous mechanism are discussed. The new technology and method of monitoring and warning for such geohazards are evaluated. It is believed as follows. (1)Xinmo village is located in the deposit of an old large landslide before the 1933 Diexi MS 7.5 earthquake. The multiple strong historic-prehistoric earthquakes and the annual rainfall not only made the surface unloaded belt of Triassic slate slope spelled, but also damaged and weakened the rockmass integrity and strength. There have developed large tensional fissures in the ridge slope before year 2003 and existed remarkable emplacement portent before failure. Therefore, the event is essentially a post-earthquake, high speed rock avalanche-debris flow. (2)The rock avalanche is about 150×104 m3 but scratched and entrained a total of 600×104 m3 old colluviums. The huge impact on the old colluviums made the inner soil arching effect suddenly lost. The effect of entrainment of the old colluviums greatly increased their mobility and diffusion but the large entrained colluviums conversely made the whole mass not flowing further. Such a failure mechanism of impact-loading and entrainment is similar to the former landslides in Xintan, Yigong and Nayong. (3)The seismic signals generated by rock avalanche clearly display the process of collapsing, impacting, moving and depositing. The emplacement monitoring of multi-temporal InSAR data clearly displayed the displacement precursor on the slope. The combination of two technologies is a promising new method of early identification, evaluation and warning of similar landslide of ultra-sight and in difficult geo-environment. Finally, with regard to the old and new fissures and their separated blocks, it is suggested to immediately make detailed investigation, risk assessment and monitoring-warning so as to avoid similar disasters.
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图 1 青藏高原东缘活动构造图(改自张岳桥等，2016)
Figure 1. Active tectonic map of eastern Tibetan Plateau(modified after Zhang et al., 2016)
图 2 叠溪地形地貌及新磨滑坡位置图(图像来自Google Earth-2003年8月18日)
Figure 2. Geomorphology of Diexi and Position of Xinmo avalanches(image from Google Earth 2003)
图 3 新磨滑坡工程地质简图
运移区ab线以下使用全站仪测量，ab线以上因安全问题未能测绘，但通过提取Google Earth高程数据，利用测绘软件绘制出上部地形，然后与下部地形进行叠合，进而绘出滑坡区地形图；并结合无人机调查获得滑源区及部分运移区边界、裂缝等要素
Figure 3. The engineering geological sketch map of Xinmo rock avalanches
图 5 新磨滑坡前坡体裂缝分布及危岩块体(影像来自2003年8月8日Google Earth)
Figure 5. Fissure and their separated instable blocks before sliding(image from Google Earth of August 18, 2003)
图 6 新磨滑坡-碎屑流过程的茂县台站三分量地震信号低通滤波 < 0.5 Hz后的解释
Figure 6. Interpretation of 3-component seismic signals generated by rock avalanche(low-pass filter, < 0.5 Hz)
图 7 新磨流域裂缝及危险块体
Figure 7. The fissures and the separated unstable blocks in Xinmo catchment
图 9 1933年叠溪地震时新磨崩滑及银屏崖崩塌解译
a. 洪时中等(2011)文章中照片；b. Google Earth
Figure 9. Picture taken during 1933 Diexi earthquake suggesting small avalanche in Xinmo village and Yinpinya cliff
图 10 滑前60 d叠溪镇降雨数据(来自四川地震局)
Figure 10. Rainfall data of Diexi town 60 days before Xinmo avalanche(data from Sichuan Meteorological Bureau)
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