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THE PUSACUN ROCKAVALANCHE ON AUGUST 28, 2017 IN ZHANGJIA-WAN NAYONGXIAN, GUIZHOU: CHARACTERISTICS AND FAILURE MECHANISM
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摘要: 2017年8月28日10时30分许，贵州省纳雍县张家湾镇普洒村后山约49.1×104 m3的山体发生高位崩塌，高速运动的碎屑物质沿途铲刮坡面原有松散崩滑堆积物，最终形成体积约为82.3×104 m3的堆积体，摧毁坡脚的普洒村大树脚组和桥边组居民区，造成26人遇难，9人失踪。通过对灾害发生现场进行详细的地质调查，本文综合运用无人机航拍、地面合成孔径雷达监测等技术手段，对普洒村崩塌体特征进行了详细描述，初步阐述了崩塌发生的动力学过程和成因机理，并对周边受崩塌体失稳影响而产生的欠稳定区岩体特征的危险性进行了分析评价。初步研究结果认为，崩塌源区岩体在下部巷道采煤的影响下产生拉张裂缝，之后在长期重力作用下，山体开始变形、破碎，最终整体失稳破坏。崩塌体从小规模掉块开始到整体失稳破坏、远程运动，直至最终停积，整个过程用时约7分21秒，其中主崩塌体失稳用时约26 s，远程运动距离约788 m，是一处典型的高位崩塌-碎屑流。深入研究普洒村崩塌的形成过程和成灾机理，对我国西南山区存在的与普洒村崩塌体类似条件的灾害隐患点的减灾防灾工作，具有重要的指导意义。Abstract: A large scale of mountain rock avalanche occurred in Pusa village, Zhangjiawan town, Nayong county, Guizhou Province at about 10:30 on August 28, 2017. The rock mass with the volume of 49.1×104 m3 moved down and scraped the original loose deposits and finally formed deposits of 82.3×104 m3, which destroyed parts of Pusa village, resulted in the death of 26 persons and missing of 9 persons. Based on site investigation, unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)photography and ground based synthetic aperture radar(GBSAR)monitoring and other technologies, this paper provides a detailed description on the characteristics and a comprehensive analysis on the dynamic process and failure mechanism of the rock avalanche. The preliminary study suggested that the rock masses of the source area were shattered due to the underground mining activities. The shattered rock masses suffered long-term effects of gravity, which eventually resulted the failure of the rock masses. The movement of the rock avalanche lasted for 7 minutes and 21 seconds in which the main rock masses failure lasted for only 26 seconds with the long runout of 788 m and the maximum speed of 43.83 m·s-1, belonging to typical high speed and long runout rock avalanche. There will be a big attribution if such case can be studied further. It can provide the significant experience on dealing with this kind of rock masses failure and how to provide advice on early warning and remediation project on similar cases in southwestern mountain areas of China.
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Key words:
- Pusacun rock avalanche /
- Long runout /
- Underground mining /
- Potential geohazard /
- Failure mechanism /
- Failure precursor
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图 1 普洒村崩塌发生前后影像图
a. 2017年8月30日无人机影像；b. 2014年3月18日google earth图像
Figure 1. Pre-sliding and post-sliding images of Pusacun rockavalanche
图 2 分析研究数据与技术方法示意图
Figure 2. Flowchart indicating the data and methods used in this study
图 3 8.28普洒村崩塌区附近地质构造图
1.下三叠统夜郎组二段；2.下三叠统夜郎组一段；3.上二叠统长兴组+大隆组；4.上二叠统龙潭组三段；5.上二叠统龙潭组二段；6.第四系；7.断层；8.煤层露头及编号；9. 8.28崩塌边界；10.历史崩塌；11.地下采矿巷道及标高；12.井下设施；11及12数据由贵州省地质灾害应急技术指导中心提供
Figure 3. Geological map of the investigated area showing the outline of 8.28 Pusacun rockavalanche
图 4 崩塌源区出露地层及分布
a.崩滑前；b.崩滑后
Figure 4. The stratums and their distribution in Pusacun rockavalanche source area
图 5 普洒村崩塌前地貌及堆积区范围(据Google earth，2014年3月18日图像)
黄色线为8.28崩塌边界，红色虚线所示E区为2016年发生小崩塌位置
Figure 5. 3D satellite image of the investigated area showing the outline of Pusacun rockacalanche(the image was taken on Mar. 18 2014, copyright@Google Earth)
图 6 崩塌源区岩体裂缝特征
a. 2013年无人机正射影像图；b. 2014年Google Earth影像二维视图；c. 2015年国产高分2号卫星影像图；d. 2017年崩塌后无人机影像二维视图
Figure 6. Images of the rockavalanche source area showing the cracks
图 7 崩塌源区地貌特征
a. 2009年12月崩塌源区全貌；b. 2016年6月崩塌源区右后侧地貌；c. 2017年7月崩塌源区全貌；d. 2017年8月29日崩塌发生后全貌，P1~P7为应急抢险时雷达变形监测点；虚线为8.28崩塌边界
Figure 7. Images of the rockavalanche source area
图 8 崩塌源区山体失稳正面录像
a. 0：27；b. 4：42；c. 6：14；d. 6：43；e. 6：52；f. 6：55；g. 7：00；h. 7：21
Figure 8. The runaway process of the rockmass in source area
图 9 崩塌发生过程侧面录像
a. 1：36；b. 1：43；c. 1：45；d. 1：46；e. 1：48
Figure 9. The runaway process of rightside of rockmass in source area
图 10 崩塌源区山体失稳发展演化过程示意图
Figure 10. Conceptual models of formation and development process of the unstable rock mass in the source area
图 11 普洒村崩塌及堆积区全貌
Figure 11. Avalanche source area and depositional area of Pusacun rockavalanche
图 12 崩塌区DEM影像
a.崩塌后堆积区全貌，A、B、C、D为主崩塌区分区编号，E为2016年发生的小崩塌，Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ为崩塌影响区编号；b.崩塌前后高程差值；c.崩塌前1︰2000DEM；d.崩塌后无人机航拍DEM
Figure 12. Pre-sliding and post-sliding DEMs of Pusacun rockavalanche
图 13 崩塌源区和下落铲刮区三维模型影像
Figure 13. 3D model of Pusacun rockavalanche showing the source area and transportation area
图 14 崩塌流通堆积区三维航拍影像
Figure 14. 3D aerial image of the depositional area of Pusacun rockavalanche
图 15 崩塌地质剖面图(1-1′剖面)
1.第四系堆积物，2.砂岩，3.泥岩，4.粉砂质泥岩，5.灰岩，6.煤层及编号，7.断层，8.崩塌堆积物，9.下三叠统夜郎组，10.下二叠统长兴-大隆组，11.上二叠统龙潭组，12.岩层产状，13.原始地面线，14.现地面线，15.矿道，16.采空区，17.拉裂缝；矿道和采空区是由普洒煤矿开采方案图(2010年7月)A-A′剖面投影所得
Figure 15. Cross section of Pusacun rockavalanche
图 17 崩塌源区周边的欠稳定岩体
d1~d5为崩塌后设置的北斗云位移监测点
Figure 17. The unstable rock masses surrounding the source area
图 18 滑源区后部变形体全景
d3~d5为崩塌后设置的北斗云位移监测点
Figure 18. The unstable rock mass on the rear of the source area
图 19 崩塌源区北侧欠稳定岩体
Figure 19. The unstable rock mass on the north side of the source area
图 20 崩塌源区南侧欠稳定岩体
Figure 20. The unstable rock mass on the south side of the source area
图 21 南侧欠稳定区后部地面裂缝特征
d1~d2为崩塌后设置的北斗云位移监测点
Figure 21. Cracks on the unstable rock mass of the south side of the source area
图 22 崩塌壁GBSAR代表性监测点的变形时间曲线
Figure 22. The displacement monitoring curve of the unstable rock mass in main scarp by GBSAR
图 23 崩塌影响区北斗云位移监测点变形-时间曲线
Figure 23. The displacement monitoring curve of the unstable area by Beidou Monitoring System
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