不同含水率条件下花岗岩脆性特征评价指标研究

曹洋兵 陈玉华 黄真萍 刘成禹 邱冬冬

曹洋兵, 陈玉华, 黄真萍, 刘成禹, 邱冬冬. 2020: 不同含水率条件下花岗岩脆性特征评价指标研究. 工程地质学报, 28(1): 29-38. doi: 10.13544/j.cnki.jeg.2019-127
引用本文: 曹洋兵, 陈玉华, 黄真萍, 刘成禹, 邱冬冬. 2020: 不同含水率条件下花岗岩脆性特征评价指标研究. 工程地质学报, 28(1): 29-38. doi: 10.13544/j.cnki.jeg.2019-127
CAO Yangbing, CHEN Yuhua, HUANG Zhenping, LIU Chengyu, QIU Dongdong. 2020: STUDY ON EVALUATION INDEX OF BRITTLENESS CHARACTERISTICS OF GRANITE UNDER DIFFERENT WATER CONTENT CONDITIONS. JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING GEOLOGY, 28(1): 29-38. doi: 10.13544/j.cnki.jeg.2019-127
Citation: CAO Yangbing, CHEN Yuhua, HUANG Zhenping, LIU Chengyu, QIU Dongdong. 2020: STUDY ON EVALUATION INDEX OF BRITTLENESS CHARACTERISTICS OF GRANITE UNDER DIFFERENT WATER CONTENT CONDITIONS. JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING GEOLOGY, 28(1): 29-38. doi: 10.13544/j.cnki.jeg.2019-127

不同含水率条件下花岗岩脆性特征评价指标研究

doi: 10.13544/j.cnki.jeg.2019-127
基金项目: 

岩土钻掘与防护教育部工程研究中心开放基金 201702

国土资源部丘陵山地地质灾害防治重点实验室(福建省地质灾害重点实验室)开放基金 FJKLGH2017K004

福州大学贵重仪器设备开放测试基金项目 2017T013

国土资源部丘陵山地地质灾害防治重点实验室(福建省地质灾害重点实验室)开放基金 FJKLGH2017K002

详细信息
    作者简介:

    曹洋兵(1987-),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为地下水封洞库工程及岩体稳定性评价. E-mail: ybcao@fzu.edu.cn

    通讯作者:

    黄真萍(1965-),女,硕士,教授,主要从事地质工程物探理论与方法研究. E-mail: zhphuang@126.com

  • 中图分类号: TU45

STUDY ON EVALUATION INDEX OF BRITTLENESS CHARACTERISTICS OF GRANITE UNDER DIFFERENT WATER CONTENT CONDITIONS

Funds: 

Opening Fund of Engineering Research Center of Geotechnical Drilling and Protection Ministry of Education 201702

the Opening Fund of Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention of Hilly Mountains, Ministry of Land and Resources(Fujian Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention) FJKLGH2017K004

Open Testing Fund for Precious Instruments and Equipment of Fuzhou University 2017T013

the Opening Fund of Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention of Hilly Mountains, Ministry of Land and Resources(Fujian Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention) FJKLGH2017K002

  • 摘要: 准确评价花岗岩在不同含水率条件下的脆性特征对此类工程岩体稳定性评价具有重要的意义。总结国内外现有岩石脆性评价指标,着重对基于应力-应变曲线特征的指标适用性和准确性进行详细分析和讨论,结合单轴压缩条件下花岗岩脆性特征随含水率增加而逐渐降低的试验规律,指出目前常用的基于应力-应变曲线特征的指标难以全面准确反映不同含水率花岗岩脆性特征。基于此,综合考虑全过程应力-应变曲线及峰后破坏时间,应用峰值应变表征峰前脆性特征、峰后应力跌落速率及应变增长速率表征峰后脆性特征,由此提出一种能全面反映花岗岩变形破坏全过程的脆性评价新指标Bd。经试验证实,新指标Bd能够准确地反映出花岗岩在不同含水率条件下的脆性变化趋势,相比其他脆性评价指标具有一定优越性。研究成果对丰富和改进现有的岩石脆性评价指标具有一定的参考意义和价值。
  • 图  1  B9不能考虑的情况示意图

    Figure  1.  Diagram of cases can not be reflected by B9

    图  2  不同含水率花岗岩应力-应变曲线图

    Figure  2.  Stress-strain curves of granite under different water contents

    图  3  花岗岩试样单轴压缩结果示意图

    a. 1-2;b. 3-3;c. 5-2;d. 6-4;e. 7-1;f. 8-1

    Figure  3.  Diagram of text results of granite with different water content under uniaxial compression

    图  4  脆性指标B6B7B10B11计算结果曲线

    a.脆性指标B6;b.脆性指标B7;c.脆性指标B10;d.脆性指标B11

    Figure  4.  Curves of brittleness indices B6, B7, B10, B11

    图  5  脆性指标Bd计算结果曲线

    Figure  5.  Curves of brittleness indices Bd

    表  1  现有岩石脆性评价指标汇总表

    Table  1.   Summary of existing brittleness indices

    分类依据 公式含义及说明
    基于拉压强度特征的脆性指标 $ {B_1} = {\sigma _c}/{\sigma _t}, {B_2} = \left({{\sigma _c} - {\sigma _t}} \right)/\left({{\sigma _c} + {\sigma _t}} \right), {B_3} = {\sigma _c}{\sigma _t}/2, {B_4} = \sqrt {{B_3}} $
    σcσt分别为岩石的单轴抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度(Hucka et al., 1974)
    基于拉压强度和起裂应力水平的脆性指标 $ B_{5}=\left(\sigma_{c}-\sigma_{t}\right) /\left(\sigma_{c}+\sigma_{t}\right)=(8-K) /(8+K), K=\sigma_{c i} / \sigma_{c}$,闪长岩(王宇等,2014)
    σcσt分别为岩石的单轴抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度,σci为起裂应力
    基于应力-应变曲线的脆性指标 B6=(τp-τr)/τpτp为峰值强度,τr为残余强度(Altindag,2010)
    B7=(εr-εp)/εpεp为峰值应变,εr为残余应变(Altindag,2010)
    B8=εr/εεr为加载后可恢复应变,ε为加载过程总应变(Hucka et al., 1974)
    $B_{9}=R_{9}^{\prime}+B_{9}^{\prime \prime}, B_{9}^{\prime}=\left(\varepsilon_{\mathrm{BRTT}}-\varepsilon_{n}\right) /\left(\varepsilon_{m}-\varepsilon_{n}\right), B_{9}^{\prime \prime}=\alpha C S+\beta C S+\eta, C S_{\mathrm{BRTT}}=\left[\varepsilon_{p}\left(\sigma_{p}-\sigma_{r}\right)\right] /\left[\sigma_{p}\left(\varepsilon_{r}-\varepsilon_{p}\right)\right] $
    其中,εBRIT为岩样峰值应变;εm为最大峰值应变;εn为最小峰值应变;αβη均为标准化系数;σp为峰值应力;σr为残余应力;εp为峰值应变;εr为残余应变,页岩(李庆辉等,2012)
    $ B_{10}=\left[\left(\tau_{p}-\tau_{r}\right) / \tau_{p}\right] \times\left[\lg \left|k_{a c}\right| / 10\right], \tau_{p}$为峰值强度,τr为残余强度,kac为峰后曲线斜率,花岗岩(周辉等,2014)
    $B_{11}=B_{11}^{\prime}+B_{11}^{\prime \prime}, B_{11}^{\prime}=\left[\left(\sigma_{p}-\sigma_{r}\right)\left(\varepsilon_{r}-\varepsilon_{p}\right)\right] /\left(\sigma_{p} \varepsilon_{p}\right), B_{11}^{\prime \prime}=\left(\sigma_{p}-\sigma_{r}\right) /\left(\varepsilon_{r}-\varepsilon_{p}\right) $,其中,σp为峰值应力;σr为残余应力;εp为峰值应变;εr为残余应变,胜利油田某储层(夏英杰等,2016)
    $ B_{12}=B_{12}^{\prime}+B_{12}^{\prime \prime}, B_{12}^{\prime}=\left[\left(\sigma_{p}-\sigma_{i}\right) / \sigma_{p}\right] /\left[\left(\varepsilon_{p}-\varepsilon_{i}\right) / \sigma_{p}\right], B_{12}^{\prime \prime}=\left[\left(\sigma_{p}-\sigma_{r}\right) / \sigma_{p}\right] /\left[\left(\varepsilon_{r}-\varepsilon_{p}\right) / \varepsilon_{p}\right]$,其中,σp为峰值应力;σi为起裂应力;σr为残余应力;εp为峰值应变;εr为残余应变,εi为起裂应变(陈国庆等,2018)
    基于内摩擦角的脆性指标 $ B_{13}=\sin \varphi, B_{14}=45^{\circ}+\varphi / 2, \varphi$为内摩擦角(Hucka et al., 1974)
    基于硬度的脆性指标 $ B_{15}=\left(H_{U}-H\right) / K, H_{U}$为微观硬度,H为岩石宏观硬度,K为常数(Lawn et al., 1979)
    B16=H/KICTang et al. (1998)B17=HE/KIC2Quinn et al., (1997)E为弹性模量,H为岩石宏观硬度,KIC为断裂韧性,陶瓷材料
    基于碎屑含量的脆性指标 B18=S20S20为小于11.2 mm的碎屑百分比(Protodyakonov,1963)
    B19=qσcq为为小于0.6 mm的碎屑所占百分比,σc为单轴抗压强度(Blindheim et al., 1998)
    基于贯入试验的脆性指标 B20=Fmax/PF为载荷,P为贯入深度(Copur et al., 2003)
    B21=Pdec/PincPdec为衰减载荷,Pinc为增量荷载(Yagiz,2006)
    基于能量演化的脆性指标 B22=Wr/WWr为可恢复应变能,W为总应变能(Altindag,2002)
    B23Wr/WeWr为断裂能增量,We为卸载弹性能增量(Tarasov et al., 2013)
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2  不同含水率花岗岩单轴压缩试验现象描述

    Table  2.   Description of experimental phenomena of granite with different water contents under uniaxial compression

    组号 声响 试验现象描述
    1 爆炸式声响 试样外侧出现裂纹的发展和延伸,伴随着颗粒弹射,达到峰值后极短时间内发生崩落式破坏,碎片弹射最远可达10 m左右,破裂面以压致劈裂破坏为主,试样破碎
    3 巨响 试样达到峰值后在试样两端出现鼓起现象,极短时间内发生崩落式破坏,碎片弹射距离最远为8 m左右,破裂面以压致拉裂破坏为主,试样较破碎
    5 较响 试样外侧同样出现裂纹的发展和延伸,伴随着颗粒弹射,达到峰值后在试样两端出现鼓起现象,鼓起向试样中部扩展直至破坏,破裂面主要为压致劈裂破坏
    6 较响 破坏前没有出现颗粒弹射现象以及裂缝,岩样破坏时先是上下端面出现鼓起,鼓起迅速向试样中部扩展直至破坏,破裂面以剪切破坏为主
    8 声响较小 随着加载进行在试样外侧出现一条裂纹,伴随颗粒弹射现象,临近破坏前在试样下端面附近出现鼓起,破裂面以剪切破坏为主,破坏后试样完整性较前几种好
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3  脆性评价指标B6B7B10B11计算结果统计表

    Table  3.   Calculated results of difference brittleness indices of B6B7B10B11

    组号 含水率/% σp/MPa εp/% σr/MPa εr/% B6 B7 B10 B11
    1(干燥) 0 143.85 1.227 76.270 2.340 0.470 0.907 0.178 0.487
    2(浸水6 h) 0.116 120.14 1.138 67.300 2.030 0.440 0.784 0.166 0.404
    3(浸水12 h) 0.129 120.6 1.254 83.599 2.353 0.307 0.876 0.108 0.303
    4(浸水24 h) 0.167 97.99 1.183 58.886 1.832 0.399 0.549 0.151 0.279
    5(浸水48 h) 0.178 106.00 1.123 64.685 1.620 0.390 0.443 0.153 0.256
    6(浸水72 h) 0.185 93.00 1.098 53.246 1.494 0.427 0.361 0.171 0.255
    7(浸水96 h) 0.197 83.17 1.002 51.722 1.390 0.378 0.387 0.148 0.227
    8(饱和) 0.223 77.95 1.069 44.359 1.315 0.431 0.230 0.178 0.236
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  4  脆性评价指标Bd计算成果表

    Table  4.   Calculated results of brittleness index Bd

    组号 t/s Bd1 Bd2 Bd
    1(干燥) 0.9 0.382 1.530 1.912
    2(浸水6 h) 1 0.389 1.224 1.613
    3(浸水12 h) 1.1 0.380 1.076 1.456
    4(浸水24 h) 1 0.385 0.948 1.333
    5(浸水48 h) 1 0.390 0.832 1.222
    6(浸水72 h) 1 0.392 0.788 1.180
    7(浸水96 h) 1.1 0.400 0.696 1.096
    8(饱和) 1.2 0.394 0.551 0.945
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  5  验证性试验的脆性评价指标Bd计算结果

    Table  5.   Calculated results of brittleness index Bd of the new proven experiments

    组号 含水率/% σp/MPa εp/% σr/MPa εr/% t/s Bd1 Bd2 Bd
    9(浸水36 h) 0.17 132.418 2.012 42.392 2.305 0.9 0.339 0.916 1.255
    10(浸水60 h) 0.182 117.323 1.153 68.779 1.723 1.1 0.387 0.824 1.211
    下载: 导出CSV
  • Andreev G E. 1995. Brittle failure of rock materials: test results and constitutive models[M]. A.A. Balkema: 123-128.
    Altindag R. 2002. The evaluation of rock brittleness concept on rotary blast hole drills[J]. The Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 102(1): 61-66. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=68bd506349e4def8fb2fcdcbd2550718
    Altindag R. 2003. Correlation of specific energy with rock brittleness concepts on rock cutting[J]. The Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 103(3): 163-171. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=9c0d8a48ec8cad223c1a423665a8c8e4
    Altindag R. 2010. Assessment of some brittleness indexes in rock-drilling efficiency[J]. Rock Mechanics & Rock Engineering, 43(3): 361-370.
    Blindheim O T, Bruland A. 1998. Boreability testing[C]//Norwegian TBM Tunneling-30 Years of Experience with TBMs in Norwegian Tunneling. Trondheim, Norway: Norwegian Soil and Rock Engineering Association: 29-34.
    Bishop A W. 1967. Progressive failure with special reference to the mechanism causing it[M]. Oslo: Proceedings of the Geotechnical Conference: 142-150.
    Chen G Q, Zhao C, Wei T, et al. 2018. Evaluation method of brittle characteristics of rock based on full stress-strain curve and crack initiation stress[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 37(1): 51-59. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=yslxygcxb201801005
    Copur H, Bilgin N, Tuncdemir H, et al. 2003. A set of indices based on indentation tests for assessment of rock cutting performance and rock properties[J]. The Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 103(9): 589-599. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=397f948bb4675290800a2dd0aa0e87ce
    David G, John H. 1960. Rock deformation: a symposium[M]. New York: Waverly Press: 66-67.
    Gong Q M, Zhao J. 2007. Influence of rock brittleness on TBM penetration rate in Singapore granite[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 22(3): 317-324. doi: 10.1016/j.tust.2006.07.004
    Goktan R M, Yilmaz N G. 2005. A new methodology for the analysis of the relationship between rock brittleness index and drag pick cutting efficiency[J]. The Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 105(10): 727-732. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=4051784844fa9d3e1728aeea670dccbc
    Heteny M. 1966. Handbook of experimental stress analysis[M]. New York: John Wiley: 23-25.
    Hucka V, Das B. 1974. Brittleness determination of rocks by different methods[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanics Abstracts, 11(10): 389-392. doi: 10.1016/0148-9062(74)91109-7
    Hobbs B E, Means W D, Williams P F. 1976. An outline of structural geology[M]. New York: John Wiley and Sons Press: 69-70.
    Jesse V H. 1960. Glossary of geology and related sciences[M]. Washington D. C: American Geological Institute: 99-102.
    Kahraman S. 2002. Correlation of TBM and drilling machine performances with rock brittleness[J]. Engineering Geology, 65(4): 269-283. doi: 10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00137-5
    Kahraman S, Altindag R. 2004. A brittleness index to estimate fracture toughness[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 41(2): 343-348. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2003.07.010
    Lawn B R, Marshall D B. 1979. Hardness, toughness, and brittleness: An indentation analysis[J]. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 62(7-8): 347-350. doi: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1979.tb19075.x
    Li S L, Feng X T, Wang Y J, et al. 2001. Evaluation of rockburst proneness in a deep hard rock mine[J]. Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science), 22(1): 60-63. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=dbdxxb200101017
    Li Q H, Chen M, Jin Y, et al. 2012. Indoor evaluation method for shale brittleness and improvement[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 31(8): 1680-1685.
    Morley A. 1944. Strength of materials[M]. London: Longman Green: 71-72.
    Obert L, Duvall W I. 1967. Rock mechanics and the design of structures in rock[M]. New York: John Wiley: 78-82.
    Protodyakonov M M. 1963. Mechanical properties and drillability of rocks[C]//Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on Rock Mechanics. Twin Cities, USA: University of Minnesota Press: 103-118.
    Quinn J B, Quinn G D. 1997. Indentation brittleness of ceramics: a fresh approach[J]. Journal of Materials Science, 32(16): 4331-4346. doi: 10.1023/A:1018671823059
    Ramsay J G. 1967. Folding and fracturing of rocks[M]. London: McGraw-Hil: 44-47.
    Tang C A, Kaiser P K. 1998. Numerical simulation of cumulative damage and seismic energy release during brittle rock failure—Part Ⅰ:fundamentals[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences, 35(2): 113-121.
    Tarasov B, Potvin Y. 2013. Universal criteria for rock brittleness estimation under triaxial compression[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences, 59(4): 57-69. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=598c8197d59de02c00c0f5c418dad872
    The National Standards Compilation Group of the People's Republic of China. 2014. Standard for test methods of engineering rock mass(GB/T 50266-2013)[S]. Beijing: China Planning Press.
    Wang Y H, Li W D, Li Q G, et al. 1998. Method of fuzzy comprehensive evaluations for rockbrust predication[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 17(5): 493-501.
    Wang Y, Li X, Wu Y F, et al. 2014. Research on relationship between crack initiation stress level and brittleness indices for brittle rocks[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 33(2): 264-275. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=yslxygcxb201402007
    Wang H J, Liu D A, Huang Z Q, et al. 2017. Mechanical properties and brittleness evaluation of layered shale rock[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology, 25(6): 1414-1423. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=gcdzxb201706004
    Xia Y J, Li L C, Tang C A, et al. 2016. Rock brittleness evaluation based on stress dropping rate after peak stress and energy ratio[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 35(6): 1141-1154. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=yslxygcxb201606007
    Xu S L, Wu W, Wang G Y, et al. 2001. Study on complete procedures of marble under triaxial compression Ⅰ:Testing study on complete procedures of triaxial compression and the procedures of unloading confining at the pre-peak and post-peak[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 20(6): 763-767.
    Xu Z M, Huang R Q, Tang Z G. 2007. Engineering geological characteristics of the Touzhai landslide and its occurrence mechanisms[J]. Geologica Review, 53(5): 691-698. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/OA000004815
    Xie H P, Peng R D, Ju Y, et al. 2005. On energy analysis of rock failure[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 24(15): 2603-2608. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/scdxxb-gckx201803030
    Yagiz S. 2006. An investigation on the relationship between rock strength and brittleness[C]//Geological Congress of Turkey. Turkey: [s.n.]: 352.
    Zhou H, Meng F Z, Zhang C Q, et al. 2014. Quantitative evaluation of rock brittleness based on stress-strain curve[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 33(6): 1114-1122.
    陈国庆, 赵聪, 魏涛, 等. 2018.基于全应力-应变曲线及起裂应力的岩石脆性特征评价方法[J].岩石力学与工程学报, 37(1): 51-59. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=yslxygcxb201801005
    李庶林, 冯夏庭, 王泳嘉, 等. 2001.深井硬岩岩爆倾向性评价[J].东北大学学报(自然科学版), 22(1): 60-63. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1005-3026.2001.01.017
    李庆辉, 陈勉, 金衍, 等. 2012.页岩脆性的室内评价方法及改进[J].岩石力学与工程学报, 31(8): 1680-1685. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=yslxygcxb201208023
    王元汉, 李卧东, 李启光, 等. 1998.岩爆预测的模糊数学综合评判方法[J].岩石力学与工程学报, 17(5): 493-501. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-6915.1998.05.003
    王宇, 李晓, 武艳芳, 等. 2014.脆性岩石起裂应力水平与脆性指标关系探讨[J].岩石力学与工程学报, 33(2): 264-275. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/yslxygcxb201402007
    王洪建, 刘大安, 黄志全, 等. 2017.层状页岩岩石力学特性及其脆性评价[J].工程地质学报, 25(6): 1414-1423. doi: 10.13544/j.cnki.jeg.2017.06.003
    徐则民, 黄润秋, 唐正光. 2007.头寨滑坡的工程地质特征及其发生机制[J].地质论评, 53(5): 691-698. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0371-5736.2007.05.014
    夏英杰, 李连崇, 唐春安, 等. 2016.基于峰后应力跌落速率及能量比的岩体脆性特征评价方法[J].岩石力学与工程学报, 35(6): 1141-1154. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=yslxygcxb201606007
    徐松林, 吴文, 王广印, 等. 2001.大理岩等围压三轴压缩全过程研究Ⅰ:三轴压缩全过程和峰前、峰后卸围压全过程实验[J].岩石力学与工程学报, 20(6): 763-767. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-6915.2001.06.002
    谢和平, 彭瑞东, 鞠杨, 等. 2005.岩石破坏的能量分析初探[J].岩石力学与工程学报, 24(15): 2603-2608. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-6915.2005.15.001
    周辉, 孟凡震, 张传庆, 等. 2014.基于应力-应变曲线的岩石脆性特征定量评价方法[J].岩石力学与工程学报, 33(6): 1114-1122. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/yslxygcxb201406003
    中华人民共和国行业标准编写组. 2014.工程岩体试验方法标准(GB/T 50266-2013)[S].北京: 中国计划出版社.
  • 加载中
图(5) / 表(5)
计量
  • 文章访问数:  2758
  • HTML全文浏览量:  1196
  • PDF下载量:  94
  • 被引次数: 0
出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2019-03-22
  • 录用日期:  2019-09-01
  • 刊出日期:  2020-02-25

目录

    /

    返回文章
    返回