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PREDICTION AND PREVENTION OF SEEPAGE FAILURE IN INTERLAYER STAGGERED ZONE AT LEFT BANK OF BAIHETAN HYDROPOWER STATION
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摘要: 金沙江白鹤滩水电工程坝区发育有数条规模较大的、对工程有直接影响的玄武岩层间错动带。错动带内充填碎屑夹泥，当大坝建成蓄水之后，在高水头差下容易发生渗透破坏，可能影响坝区水工建筑物运行的安全和稳定。针对厂坝区的地形地貌、地质结构、大坝水工建筑物和防渗排水系统的设计布置特点，建立了坝区左岸三维有限元精细模型。并采用插值拟合的方法确定特定断面边界的地下水位，计算模拟了运行期白鹤滩电站左岸坝区渗流场的变化规律和水力梯度场的分布，并结合在现场开展的错动带的渗透破坏试验数据，确定了错动带的允许水力梯度，评价错动带内渗透破坏的可能性。研究结果表明：现有的渗控措施在坝区形成了明显的降落漏斗，地下厂区防渗排水系统效果良好，渗压得到了有效控制。然而C2错动带内部分区域的水力梯度超过允许水力梯度，可能会发生渗透破坏。提出设置截渗洞和加强帷幕的防治措施，并模拟验证了这一措施可以较好地截断渗漏通道，保障厂房安全稳定运行。Abstract: The interlayer staggered zones in the basalt are widely distributed in the Baihetan hydropower project area in Jinsha River Basin, China. They are filled with gravel, debris, and mud. The mud is easy to be destructed. After water impoundment, the seepage gradient in the interlayer staggered zones would increase with the effects of the high water head difference and seepage control measures. Seepage failure can happen in the zones. We establish a 3D finite element fine model of the left bank of the dam area. We use a method of interpolation from different sections to determine water distribution in mountain boundary without observation data. The results show that the existing seepage control measures have effectively control the seepage pressure. The hydraulic gradient in some areas of the interlayer shear weakness zones C2 is greater than the allowable gradient, and seepage failure can happen in these areas. The seepage-prevention hole and the reinforced curtain are effective preventions to decrease gradient, which can block reservoir water better. Moreover, the preventions can block the reservoir water to some extent when the curtain locally fails, which can ensure the seepage stability around the underground powerhouse.
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图 3 左岸模型地下厂区水工建筑与防渗排水系统布置图
Figure 3. Constructions and seepage control system of the underground powerhouse
图 6 C2错动带水力梯度随流速变化曲线
Figure 6. Variation curve of hydraulic gradient with flow velocity in the interlayer staggered zone C2
图 7 地下厂区剖面等水头线图
Figure 7. Result of the water head isolines of the section of the underground powerhouse
图 8 左岸C2错动带剖面等水头线图
Figure 8. Result of the water head isolines of the section of the interlayer staggered zone C2
图 9 增加截渗洞后防渗帷幕底部等水头线对比图
Figure 9. Comparisons of equal head line at bottom of anti-seepage curtain after adding cutoff hole
图 10 设置10 m加强帷幕后防渗帷幕底部等水头线对比图
Figure 10. Comparisons of equal head line at bottom of anti-seepage curtain after setting 10 m reinforced curtain
图 11 设置10 m与30 m加强帷幕等水头线对比图
Figure 11. Comparisons of equal head lines after construction of 10 m and 30 m reinforced curtains
图 12 防渗帷幕失效时底部等水头线对比图
Figure 12. Comparisons of head line at bottom when impervious curtain fails
表 1 左岸渗透系数分区取值表
Table 1. Values of seepage coefficient of the left bank
材料编号 岩层或结构面 产状 渗透系数/cm·s-1 渗透张量/cm·s-1 1 P2β2杏仁状、斜斑，隐晶质玄武岩 / 5.80×10-7 $\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {5.80}&0&0\\ 0&{5.80}&0\\ 0&0&{5.80} \end{array}} \right] \times {10^{ - 7}}$ 2 C2层间错动带 N35°E，SE∠15°~25° 2.96×10-4 $\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {2.85}&{0.16}&{0.55}\\ {0.16}&{2.73}&{ - 0.78}\\ {0.55}&{ - 0.78}&{0.35} \end{array}} \right] \times {10^{ - 4}}$ 3 P2β31-P2β32柱状节理玄武岩 / 1.16×10-5 $\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {1.16}&0&0\\ 0&{1.16}&0\\ 0&0&{1.16} \end{array}} \right] \times {10^{ - 5}}$ 4 LS331层内错动带 N47°E，SE∠16° 5.50×10-4 $\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {5.26}&{0.24}&{1.09}\\ {0.24}&{5.26}&{ - 1.09}\\ {1.09}&{ - 1.09}&{0.47} \end{array}} \right] \times {10^{ - 4}}$ 5 P2β33-P2β34斜斑玄武岩 / 1.56×10-5 $\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {1.56}&0&0\\ 0&{1.56}&0\\ 0&0&{1.56} \end{array}} \right] \times {10^{ - 5}}$ 6 C3-1层间错动带 N44°~55°E，SE∠13°~17° 2.30×10-4 $\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {2.21}&{0.10}&{0.44}\\ {0.10}&{2.19}&{ - 0.47}\\ {0.44}&{ - 0.47}&{0.20} \end{array}} \right] \times {10^{ - 4}}$ 7 P2β35杏仁少斑玄武岩和斜斑玄武岩互层 / 1.55×10-5 $\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {1.55}&0&0\\ 0&{1.55}&0\\ 0&0&{1.55} \end{array}} \right] \times {10^{ - 5}}$ 8 C3层间错动带 N35°~50°E，SE∠15°~20° 2.30×10-4 $\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {2.17}&{0.13}&{0.50}\\ {0.13}&{2.16}&{ - 0.54}\\ {0.50}&{ - 0.54}&{0.27} \end{array}} \right] \times {10^{ - 4}}$ 9 P2β4下部斜斑和杏仁状玄武岩 / 3.92×10-5 $\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {3.92}&0&0\\ 0&{3.92}&0\\ 0&0&{3.92} \end{array}} \right] \times {10^{ - 5}}$ 10 LS337层内错动带 N35°~40°E，SE∠20°~30° 6.00×10-4 $\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {5.61}&{0.52}&{1.38}\\ {0.52}&{5.32}&{ - 1.84}\\ {1.38}&{ - 1.84}&{1.07} \end{array}} \right] \times {10^{ - 4}}$ 11 F13断层破碎带 N60°~65°W，SW∠85°~90° 2.31×10-5 $\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {0.91}&{0.98}&{ - 0.56}\\ {0.98}&{1.62}&{0.39}\\ { - 0.56}&{0.39}&{2.09} \end{array}} \right] \times {10^{ - 5}}$ 12 F17断层破碎带 N25°~45°E，NW∠65°~80° 5.79×10-5 $\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {0.48}&{ - 0.93}&{0.07}\\ { - 0.93}&{1.83}&{0.04}\\ {0.07}&{0.04}&{2.31} \end{array}} \right] \times {10^{ - 5}}$ 13 大坝混凝土 / 1.00×10-9 $\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 1&0&0\\ 0&1&0\\ 0&0&1 \end{array}} \right] \times {10^{ - 9}}$ 14 防渗帷幕 / 1.00×10-7 $\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 1&0&0\\ 0&1&0\\ 0&0&1 \end{array}} \right] \times {10^{ - 7}}$ 
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表 2 左岸代表断面山体边界处地下水位汇总表
Table 2. Calculated values of the groundwater level in mountain boundary
位置 上游断面 勘IX3 勘I1 勘I3 下游断面 距离/m 0 962 1117 1171 2600 地下水位/m 882 740 775 830 862
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表 3 C2错动带非线性系数b计算表(m=0.5)
Table 3. Calculation results of non-linear coefficient b of the interlayer staggered zone C2 (m=0.5)
试验孔CZK51-3 观测孔非线性系数b/s2·cm-2 压力
/MPaQ
/cm3·s-1CZK51-1 CZK51-2 CZK51-0 CZK51-4 0.3 1.50 8.18×102 8.57×102 1.04×102 5.42×102 0.5 22.83 4.30×102 3.65×102 4.44×102 2.31×102 0.7 133.33 2.67×102 2.11×102 2.56×102 1.33×102 1.0 190.00 3.26×102 2.52×102 3.06×102 1.59×102 备注 稳定值 r=447 cm
M=67.5 cmr=500 cm
M=32.5 cmr=400 cm
M=37.5 cmr=1000 cm
M=27.5cm
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