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ADVANCES IN THEORETICAL RESEARCH ON PENETRATION CHARAC-TERISTICS OF JACKED PILES
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摘要: 在静压桩的理论研究中，分析静压桩沉桩过程中贯入特性所面临的首要难题是明确静压桩贯入机理。本文以分析静压桩沉桩过程中贯入机理为基础，对静压桩沉桩的3种理论分析方法——圆孔扩张理论、应变路径法和有限元分析分别进行了总结与分析，指出了目前研究静压桩贯入机理所存在的不足，并提出了对贯入机理研究的若干建议与认识。建议在传统的圆孔扩张理论基础上，结合应变路径法加以修正，基于土的非线性、桩与土的共同作用、空间特性等对静压桩的沉桩机理本质进行分析。对静压桩贯入机理理论研究的总结为估算静压桩的施工影响提供参考，从而为静压桩的设计和施工提供更多的借鉴，带来一定的经济效益。Abstract: In the theoretical research of jacked pile,the first problem to analyze the penetration characteristics of jacked pile in the process of pile jacking is to clarify the penetration mechanism of jacked pile. Based on the analysis of penetration mechanism in the process of pile jacking,this paper summarizes and analyzes three theoretical analysis methods of pile jacking. They are circular hole expansion theory,strain path method and finite element analysis. This paper points out the shortcomings of the current research on the penetration mechanism of jacked pile and puts forward some suggestions and understandings on the penetration mechanism. Based on the traditional theory of hole expansion and the strain path method,it is suggested to analyze the nature of pile sinking mechanism of static pile based on the nonlinearity of soil,the interaction between pile and soil and the spatial characteristics. The summary of the theoretical research on the penetration mechanism of jacked pile can be helpful to estimate the construction impact range of jacked pile,so as to provide better reference for the design and construction of jacked pile and bring good economic benefits.
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图 1 圆孔扩张示意图(Bishop et al., 1945)
σr和σθ分别为径向、切向总应力；Ru为扩张前土体单元距孔心的距离；r为扩张后土体单元距孔心的距离；Rp为球孔周塑性区半径；uv为土体单元径向位移
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of expansion of round hole(Bishop et al., 1945)
图 2 沉桩阻力计算示意图(张明义等，2003b)
a. 桩端半球形扩张；b. 桩侧摩阻力计算图式。图a中，Pu为内压力；σr和σθ分别为径向、切向总应力；Ru为球孔半径；Rp为弹塑性交界面半径；up为土体单元径向位移。图b中，Ln为桩身入土总深度；L1为浅层土体段；L2为入土中段；L3为法向应力最大段；f2为L2段的单位侧摩阻力；F2和F3分别为L2段和L3段的总侧摩阻力
Figure 2. Calculation diagram of pile-sinking resistance (Zhang et al., 2003b)
图 3 沉桩阻力分布图(李林等，2016)
采用r-z坐标系，D为桩径，h为入土深度，fs为单位桩侧摩阻力，τ为使桩端下部土体沿圆锥面发生剪切破坏所需力，σr为球孔极限扩张压力；R为沉桩阻力
Figure 3. Stress distribution of pile-sinking resistance (Li et al., 2016)
图 4 沉桩示意图(周航等，2014)
Figure 4. Sketch of pile penetration(Zhou et al., 2014)
图 5 垂直方向挤土位移(汪敏等，2015)
a. 实际；b. 真实源作用；c. 虚拟汇作用；d. τ的修正
Figure 5. Vertical compacting displacement(Wang et al., 2015)
图 6 水平方向挤土位移(汪敏等，2015)
a. 实际；b. 真实源作用；c. 虚拟源作用；d. σ的修正
Figure 6. Horizontal compacting displacement(Wang et al., 2015)
图 7 有限元模型图(罗战友等，2005)
Figure 7. Finite element model diagram(Luo et al., 2005)
图 8 ALE法控制网格扭曲(毕庆涛等，2011)
Figure 8. ALE method for sloving mesh distortion (Bi et al., 2011)
图 10 水平挤压应力(鹿群等，2008)
Figure 10. Radial compacting stress(Lu et al., 2008)
图 11 模型单元划分与圆滑处理示意图(寇海磊等，2012)
a. 原始桩体模型及网格；b. 圆滑处理后的桩体模型及网格
Figure 11. Diagram of model element dividing and smoothing (Kou et al., 2012)
表 1 有限元软件的对比
Table 1. Comparison of finite element software
有限元
软件ANSYS ABAQUS 特点 偏于学术化；br多物理场(结构、热、电磁、流体等)的耦合计算 偏于工程化；结构和热力学方面的非线性计算 适用范围 处理线性问题 用于处理复杂的非线性问题 优点 对节点和单元可以几何操作；使用面元和体元及布尔运算建立模型，自适应网格划分; 加载后可以对网格进行细化，便于几何模型的改进 单元种类、材料模型和连接类型更多；囊括多种断裂失效准则，对断裂力学和裂纹扩展分析更为出色 缺点 CPU处理时间较长；对小型简单的模型，建模繁琐；在某些条件下无法生成有限元网格 前处理较为繁琐；用户界面友好性一般 
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表 2 理论方法对比
Table 2. Comparison of theoretical methods
理论方法 圆孔扩张理论 应变路径法 有限单元法 优点 1. 应用最为广泛的理论方法；
2. 其对于沉桩过程中土体的侧向挤压扩张研究有着较高的适用性；
3. 方法较为简便1. 对沉桩过程中土体的挤压效应与贯入深度的关系加以考虑；
2. 考虑了匀速贯入的连续性，可以给出贯入过程中桩周土体应力、位移的整体分布情况1. 在工程计算中应用性较好，可以全面地获得桩周土体的应力与位移等；
2. 在大变形理论基础上建立的模型，与理论更为契合缺点 未考虑沿深度方向的影响 本质为近似算法，计算繁琐 模型参数可变范围较大，难以确定取值
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