Abstract: Soil-rock mixture (S-RM) is one of the widely distributed and unique geological materials in China and around the world. It is composed of loose rocks and soil, and has become a key carrier for mountain geological hazards. The complex structure of S-RM is the key to evaluate its special physical and mechanical properties. In this paper, the strength, deformation and permeability characteristics of S-RM and its structural control mechanisms are thoroughly studied, based on the multi-scale macro and micro tests, physical and mechanical field tests, numerical simulation, in order to interpret the control mechanisms of crucial structure factors. The factors include rock proportion, soil-rock shape, matrix composition and internal soil-rock granularity composition. Furthermore, the soil-rock control laws of the randomness of the S-RM strength and deformation characteristics are determined. In addition, much more accurate acquisition methods of strength parameters in different structural states are also proposed. The nonlinear seepage calculation model and its optimal design method of anti-seepage deformation are obtained, through the study on the nonlinear permeability characteristics of S-RM with different stone contents. In summary, this study provides a certain theoretical support for the comprehensive establishment of new generation of S-MR landslide early-warning system, based on the real soil-rock structures and nonlinear constitutive relation.