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INTERNAL DRIVING FORCE OF DEFORMATION AND FAILURE OF ROCK MASS STRUCTURE-UNBALANCED FORCE
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摘要: 岩体结构的变形破坏是一个渐近过程，常规的强度设计与极限分析均无法描述这一过程。在回顾总结岩体结构破坏控制、变形控制的基础上，提出岩体结构变形破坏控制最终要落实到开裂控制上来。总结了岩体结构开裂计算的特点和难点，阐明了用不平衡力描述岩体结构变形破坏过程的理论依据。分别从单轴压缩试验、边坡开挖卸荷、拱坝坝踵坝趾开裂等3个具体的数值案例论证不平衡力与开裂破坏的内在相关性。提出了蓄水导致不可逆的谷幅变形也是不平衡力作用结果：裂隙水压力使屈服面收缩、原先处于屈服或临界屈服状态的岩体应力状态超出屈服面，产生不平衡力和不可逆的塑性变形。指出了不平衡力本质是岩体结构非平衡态到平衡态的距离，岩体结构非平衡演化的总体趋势服从最小塑性余能原理，进一步指出了无法消除的不平衡力是岩体结构变形破坏的内在驱动力。不平衡力不仅可以作为岩体结构变形破坏的判据，还能给出相应的加固措施，具有重要的工程意义。Abstract: The deformation and failure of rock mass structure is an asymptotic process, which cannot be described by conventional strength design and limit analysis. After reviewing the methods of failure control and deformation control of rock mass structure, we proposed a cracking control method, which should be the final control of the deformation and failure of rock mass structure. We analysed the difficulties of cracking simulation of rock mass structure, and expounded the theoretical basses for describing it by unbalanced force. We analysed the correlations between cracking and unbalanced force by three numerical cases: uniaxial compression test, excavation and unloading of slope and arch dam cracking test. It is proposed that the irreversible valley width reduction caused by impounding is also the result of unbalanced force: the pore water pressure shrinks the yield surface, making that the original stress state of rock mass exceeds the yield surface, resulting in unbalanced force and irreversible plastic deformation. Unbalanced force describes the distance from the unbalanced state to the balanced state of the rock mass structure, and the general trend of the evolution of the unbalanced rock mass structure obeys the principle of minimum plastic complementary energy. Unbalanced force can not only be used as the criterion of deformation and failure of rock mass structure, but also provide corresponding reinforcement measurements, which is of great engineering significance.
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Key words:
- Unbalanced force /
- Deformation and failure /
- Rock mass structure /
- Driving force
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图 2 含预置裂纹石膏试件破坏过程裂缝分布图(陈新等，2014)
a.加载过程1；b.加载过程2；c.加载过程3；d.加载过程4
Figure 2. Cracking maps of gypsum specimens with preset cracks (Chen et al., 2014)
图 3 基于不平衡力的石膏开裂过程数值模拟
a.加载过程1；b.加载过程2；c.加载过程3；d.加载过程4
Figure 3. Numerical simulation of gypsum cracking based on unbalanced force
图 4 白鹤滩拱坝左岸建基面继续开挖至538 m高程过程中某典型剖面的不平衡力矢量图(程立等，2017)
a.开挖至590 m高程；b.开挖至560 m高程；c.开挖至550 m高程；d.开挖至538 m高程
Figure 4. Unbalanced force vector map of a typical section during the excavation to 538 m elevation of left slope of Baihetan arch dam(Cheng et al., 2017)
图 7 JH二级拱坝地质力学模型试验图
a. JH二级模型试验上游坝面图；b. JH二级模型试验下游坝面图；c.模型试验加载装置图
Figure 7. Geomechanical model test of JH-2 arch dam
图 10 考虑裂隙水压力的屈服准则(杨强等，2015)
a. Mohr-Coulomb准则；b. Drucker-Prager准则
Figure 10. Yield criterion considering pore water pressure (Yang et al., 2015)
图 11 锦屏一级谷幅变形随库水位变化曲线变形负向增加表示谷幅收缩加大
Figure 11. Curve of valley width reduction with water level of Jinping Ⅰ arch dam. Negative increase of deformation indicates increase of valley width reduction
图 12 一维单滑块体不平衡力模型
a.稳定状态；b.失稳及考虑加固力的稳定状态
Figure 12. One dimensional unbalanced force model of single slider
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