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THREE-DIMENSIONAL (3D) SURFACE DISPLACEMENT IN BEIJING PLAIN BASED ON TIME SERIES INSAR AND GPS TECHNOLOGIES
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摘要: 文中采用InSAR与GPS技术相结合，获取了北京平原区时序地表三维形变场信息，分析了其分布特征与演化规律。研究表明：(1)北京平原区在抽水引发的第四系附加应力场作用下，地表呈现出显著的三维变形特征，以垂向变形为主，并辅以水平向位移。(2)平原区地面沉降主要集中在东部、北部和南部等地，存在多个沉降中心，总体呈减缓的趋势。其中：东部的朝阳区和通州部分地区是地面沉降发育最为严重的地区，多年沉降速率均超过100 mm·a-1，最大沉降速率143.20 mm·a-1，最大累计沉降量816.77 mm，且连片发展，不均匀沉降现象明显。(3)在ITRF2005参考框架下，平原区GPS点水平走向基本一致，以SE方向运动为主，优势运动方向NE112.5°~NE113.8°。其中：E向运动速率27.12~36.19 mm·a-1，平均值30.78 mm·a-1；N向运动速率-10.90~-19.73 mm·a-1，平均值-13.57 mm·a-1。反映出整个平原区具有统一的大陆动力学环境下连续变形特征。(4)在欧亚参考框架下，GPS点水平运动速率明显减小，各点之间非一致性变化较为明显，不具备整体趋势性活动特征。特别是几大活动断裂交接部位的地面沉降严重区，往往也是GPS点水平运动速率较大的地区。GPS点水平运动方向总体指向地面沉降或地下水位降落漏斗中心，或由高水位指向低水位地区。这主要是抽取地下水导致第四系含水层系统在水平向产生的变形分量引起的。Abstract: This paper uses the time series InSAR and GPS technologies to obtain the three-dimensional surface deformation in Beijing Plain. It analyze its spatial distribution and evolution characteristics. The results show the following findings. (1)Under the Quaternary additional stress field caused by pumping,the three-dimensional surface deformation characteristics are significant in Beijing Plain. The vertical deformation is the main component and horizontal displacement is a supplement. (2)Land subsidence are mainly located in the east,north and south part of Beijing plain. There are multiple subsidence centers,and the overall trend is slowing down. The most serious subsidence areas are distributed in east part of Chaoyang District and parts of Tongzhou District. The subsidence rate has exceeded 100 mm·a-1 for many years. The maximum subsidence rate is 143.20 mm·a-1,the maximum accumulated subsidence is 816.77 mm,and the uneven subsidence is obvious. (3)Under the ITRF2005 reference frame,the horizontal direction of GPS points in the plain are consistent,mainly in the SE direction. The dominant movement direction is NE112.5°~NE113.8°. The movement rate of E direction is 27.12~36.19 mm·a-1,and the average rate is 30.78 mm·a-1. The movement rate of N direction is -10.90~-19.73 mm·a-1,and the average rate is -13.57 mm·a-1. They reflect that the continuous deformation in Beijing plain is under the situation of a unified continental dynamic environment. (4)Under the Eurasian reference frame,the horizontal movement rate of GPS points are significantly reduced. The deformation between GPS points is varies with no consistent change trend. In particular,in joint area of several major active faults,where both of the InSAR derived vertical subsidence rate and the GPS horizontal movement rate are large. The horizontal movement direction of the GPS points generally direct to the center of subsidence or the funnel of the groundwater level,or from the high water level to the low water level area. This is mainly caused by the horizontal deformation of the Quaternary aquifer system caused by the extraction of groundwater.
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Key words:
- InSAR /
- GPS /
- Land subsidence /
- Horizontal deformation /
- Three-dimensional surface deformation
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图 2 A—A1处水文地质剖面
Figure 2. Hydrogeological cross-section A-A1(the location is indicated in Fig. 1)
图 3 利用InSAR和GPS技术获取北京平原区2013~2018年地表垂向形变特征
a. 2013年；b. 2014年；c. 2015年；d. 2016年；e. 2017年；f. 2018年
Figure 3. InSAR and GPS technology were used to obtain the vertical deformation characteristics of the Beijing Plain from 2013 to 2018
图 4 北京平原区2013~2018年平均沉降速率、沉降区面积和体积统计
a. 2013~2018年平均沉降速率和沉降区面积统计；b. 2013~2018年地面沉降体积统计
Figure 4. Statistics on the average subsidence rate,area and volume of subsidence areas in Beijing Plain from 2013 to 2018
图 5 2013~2018年主要沉降中心地面沉降速率变化特征
a. 2013年，b. 2014年，c. 2015年，d. 2016年，e. 2017年，f. 2018年；P1. 朝阳金盏，P2. 朝阳黑庄户；P3. 朝阳三间房；P4. 通州城区；P5. 昌平八仙庄；P6. 海淀上庄
Figure 5. Characteristics of land subsidence rate of major subsidence centers from 2013 to 2018
图 6 2013年东部4个沉降中心剖面和2013~2018年平原区沉降中心速率统计
a. 2013年平原区东部4个沉降中心剖面；b. 2013~2018年平原区沉降中心速率统计
Figure 6. Statistics of subsidence center sections in the east in 2013 and the subsidence center rate statistics of the plain area from 2013 to 2018
图 7 2013~2018年InSAR、GPS和水准测量获取的累计沉降量对比图
Figure 7. Comparison chart of accumulated settlement obtained by InSAR,GPS and leveling from 2013 to 2018
图 8 利用水准测量结果对InSAR和GPS垂向形变量进行精度检验
Figure 8. Use leveling results to verify the accuracy of InSAR and GPS vertical deformation
图 9 ITRF2005参考框架下北京平原区GPS点水平速度场
a. 2013~2015年；b. 2016年；c. 2017年；d. 2018年
Figure 9. Horizontal velocity field of GPS in Beijing plain under ITRF2005
图 10 欧亚参考框架下北京平原区内部GPS点水平速度场
a. 2013~2015年；b. 2016年；c. 2017年；d. 2018年
Figure 10. Horizontal velocity field of GPS in Beijing Plain under Eurasian reference framework
图 11 地下水位漏斗与地表三维形变响应关系
Figure 11. The relationship between groundwater level funnel and three-dimensional deformation of the ground surface
表 1 InSAR、GPS垂向形变量与水准测量结果对比
Table 1. Comparison of InSAR,GPS vertical deformation with leveling results
监测点 年沉降量/mm 监测点 年沉降量/mm InSAR GPS 水准 InSAR-水准 GPS-水准 InSAR GPS 水准 InSAR-水准 GPS-水准 BJ001 -42.50 -46.20 -38.40 -4.10 -7.80 BJ021 -25.60 -33.60 -18.30 -7.30 -15.30 BJ002 -38.00 -40.00 -32.00 -6.00 -8.00 BJ022 -18.30 -22.90 -15.20 -3.10 -7.70 BJ003 -39.20 -43.40 -42.90 3.70 -0.50 BJ023 2.20 -10.80 -1.10 3.30 -9.70 BJ004 -18.00 -30.00 -21.00 3.00 -9.00 BJ024 -45.00 -40.20 -52.20 7.20 12.00 BJ005 -19.80 -30.20 -25.20 5.40 -5.00 BJ025 2.10 -6.60 -1.60 3.70 -5.00 BJ006 -32.20 -25.10 -37.80 5.60 12.70 BJ026 -32.50 -40.30 -25.10 -7.40 -15.20 BJ007 -40.10 -54.20 -46.70 6.60 -7.50 BJ027 -5.40 -19.30 -9.70 4.30 -9.60 BJ008 -15.30 -19.10 -18.30 3.00 -0.80 BJ028 -24.00 -32.40 -20.00 -4.00 -12.40 BJ009 -10.20 -15.90 -6.00 -4.20 -9.90 BJ029 -29.00 -20.10 -31.40 2.40 11.30 BJ010 3.50 -1.70 -4.80 8.30 3.10 BJ030 -135.30 -124.20 -129.20 -6.10 5.00 BJ011 -134.00 -115.80 -126.90 -7.10 11.10 BJ031 -6.00 -4.00 -3.90 -2.10 -0.10 BJ012 -26.00 -37.30 -34.00 8.00 -3.30 BJ032 -16.90 -5.80 -11.50 -5.40 5.70 BJ013 -5.80 -4.90 -11.60 5.80 6.70 BJ033 2.10 -1.90 -2.90 5.00 1.00 BJ014 -19.80 -32.10 -16.30 -3.50 -15.80 BJ034 -36.20 -28.20 -33.90 -2.30 5.70 BJ015 -28.90 -35.20 -33.20 4.30 -2.00 BJ035 -33.00 -35.10 -33.10 0.10 -2.00 BJ016 -6.90 -19.20 -10.20 3.30 -9.00 BJ036 -30.00 -33.30 -32.90 2.90 -0.40 BJ017 -26.00 -35.70 -27.50 1.50 -8.20 BJ037 -12.50 -11.50 -15.10 2.60 3.60 BJ018 -6.20 -9.30 -3.50 -2.70 -5.80 BJ038 -119.40 -118.10 -118.40 -1.00 0.30 BJ019 -18.50 -12.00 -16.20 -2.30 4.20 BJ039 -57.60 -64.70 -60.50 2.90 -4.20 BJ020 -36.40 -23.60 -31.00 -5.40 7.40 BJ040 -8.30 -5.20 -9.50 1.20 4.30 
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表 2 ITRF2005框架下GPS观测点水平运动速率及精度
Table 2. The horizontal movement rate and accuracy of GPS points under the ITRF2005 framework
GPS点 水平速度分量/mm·a-1 速度分量精度/mm·a-1 GPS点 水平速度分量/mm·a-1 速度分量精度/mm·a-1 VE VN ΔE ΔN VE VN ΔE ΔN BJ001 28.82 -14.67 3.70 4.30 BJ024 30.36 -18.86 4.00 3.50 BJ002 32.62 -16.74 4.30 3.90 BJ025 29.10 -15.33 4.30 2.10 BJ003 28.29 -10.72 2.80 3.80 BJ026 31.51 -12.90 4.30 2.80 BJ004 28.69 -15.06 3.90 4.30 BJ027 34.60 -16.94 2.90 3.70 BJ005 27.59 -11.27 2.40 4.70 BJ028 27.69 -15.77 3.70 5.00 BJ006 27.29 -11.89 2.40 4.20 BJ029 32.73 -18.99 1.60 3.60 BJ007 29.48 -12.29 4.00 3.10 BJ030 30.76 -13.90 4.70 3.20 BJ008 28.40 -16.16 3.20 4.70 BJ031 34.41 -19.22 3.80 2.50 BJ009 30.92 -11.44 4.80 3.40 BJ032 32.53 -16.18 4.90 3.70 BJ010 31.08 -17.75 2.20 2.90 BJ033 31.57 -12.80 3.80 4.50 BJ011 31.76 -11.58 2.30 3.80 BJ034 34.99 -16.64 4.30 3.60 BJ012 33.22 -10.90 4.60 2.30 BJ035 33.87 -12.51 4.90 3.80 BJ013 32.65 -13.54 3.90 4.20 BJ036 31.53 -11.90 4.40 2.80 BJ014 28.19 -15.46 3.90 2.20 BJ037 31.12 -16.98 4.40 3.90 BJ015 28.14 -18.91 4.70 2.30 BJ038 33.85 -12.27 4.80 2.40 BJ016 32.39 -16.05 4.40 3.20 BJ039 28.82 -15.34 3.20 4.40 BJ017 29.20 -11.65 4.90 4.30 BJ040 32.83 -16.66 2.70 3.60 BJ018 28.36 -15.52 4.80 4.60 ZJWZ 28.58 -16.19 0.07 0.09 BJ019 28.94 -12.81 2.90 4.60 NLSH 27.80 -12.78 0.06 0.08 BJ020 32.36 -14.65 4.60 2.60 CHAO 28.92 -18.57 0.08 0.10 BJ021 32.63 -15.41 3.90 4.30 DSQI 34.12 -17.77 0.07 0.09 BJ022 31.40 -13.40 3.70 4.00 YUFA 27.32 -12.05 0.07 0.09 BJ023 29.59 -18.49 2.80 4.90 CHPN 30.10 -11.25 0.07 0.09
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