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CLASSIFICATION OF WATER INRUSH FAILURE MODE AND ROCK THI-CKNESS FOR PREVENTING WATER INRUSH IN KARST TUNNELS
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摘要: 在岩溶山区进行隧址选择时，隧道与溶洞之间的防突岩体厚度是重要因素之一。在岩溶隧道修建过程中，若岩墙厚度保留过小，则岩溶水涌出造成安全事故、经济损失和工期延误。目前涌突水破坏分类较为笼统且大多忽略了隧道围岩的岩体结构对防突厚度的影响。本文首先从岩溶隧道围岩的结构类型、溶洞与隧道之间的相对大小和相对位置的角度进行涌突水破坏模式分类研究，再根据破坏模式抽象出梁模型、矩形或圆薄板模型、冲剪切柱模型、翼形裂纹张拉贯通模型、拉剪复合断裂破坏模型、顺层滑移模型等不同的力学模型，最后得出了相应破坏模式下防突厚度计算公式，以便为岩溶区隧道选线提供建议并为隧道修建过程中涌突水灾害预测提供参考。Abstract: The thickness of rock mass for prevention of water inrush between tunnel and karst cave is one of the important factors in selecting a tunnel site in karst mountain area. In the process of karst tunnel construction,karst water gushing often leads to some accidents,economic losses or construction delay if the wall thickness is too thin. The classification of water inrush failure types is simple. Most classification studies ignore that the structure of tunnel surrounding rock can affect the thickness of rock mass for prevention of water bursting. This paper studies the inrush model in rock mass failure from three aspects: the structure type of surrounding rock of karst tunnel,the relative size and relative position between karst cave and tunnel. Then the failure modes can be subdivided into many mechanical models including beam model,rectangular or circular thin plate model,punching shear column model,wing crack tension through model,tension shear composite fracture model,bedding slip model. Finally,the different failure models are used to summarize the calculation formulas of the thickness of rock mass for prevention of water inrush. The findings can provide suggestions for tunnel route selection in karst area,and provide reference for predicting water inrush geological disasters during tunnel construction.
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Key words:
- The tunnel water inrush /
- Failure mode /
- Rock thickness
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图 1 整体状结构 溶洞位于隧道顶部的Ⅰ型溶洞
a. 隧道顶部的Ⅰ型溶洞示意图；b. 力学模型图
Figure 1. For monolithic structure of surrounding rock,the tunnel type Ⅰ cave model where the cave is located at the top
图 2 整体状结构 溶洞位于隧道顶部的Ⅱ型溶洞
a. 隧道顶部的Ⅱ型溶洞示意图；b. 力学模型图
Figure 2. For monolithic structure of surrounding rock,the tunnel type Ⅱ cave model where the cave is located at the top
图 3 整体状结构 溶洞位于隧道顶部的Ⅲ型溶洞
a. 隧道顶部的Ⅲ型溶洞示意图；b. 直接剪切破坏力学模型图；c. 冲切破坏力学模型图
Figure 3. For monolithic structure of surrounding rock,the tunnel type Ⅲ cave model where the cave is located at the top
图 4 整体状结构 溶洞位于隧道侧部的Ⅰ型溶洞
a. 隧道侧部的Ⅰ型溶洞示意图；b. 力学模型图
Figure 4. For monolithic structure of surrounding rock,the tunnel type Ⅰ cave model where the cave is located at the lateral side
图 5 整体状结构 溶洞位于隧道侧部的Ⅱ型溶洞力学模型
a. 隧道侧部的Ⅱ型溶洞示意图；b. 力学模型图
Figure 5. For monolithic structure of surrounding rock,the tunnel type Ⅱ cave model where the cave is located at the lateral side
图 6 整体状结构 溶洞位于隧道侧部的Ⅲ型溶洞
a. 隧道侧部的Ⅲ型溶洞示意图；b. 直接剪切破坏力学模型图；c. 冲切破坏力学模型图
Figure 6. For monolithic structure of surrounding rock,the tunnel type Ⅲ cave model where the cave is located at the lateral side
图 7 整体状结构 溶洞位于掌子面前的Ⅰ型溶洞
a. 掌子面前方的Ⅰ型溶洞示意图；b. 力学模型图
Figure 7. For monolithic structure of surrounding rock,the tunnel type Ⅰ cave model where the cave is located in the frontage of heading
图 8 块状结构中断续节理分布图及力学模型
a. 断续节理分布图；b. 力学模型
Figure 8. Distribution diagram and mechanical model of discontinuous joints in block structures
图 9 翼形裂纹张拉贯通破坏分析图及示意图
a. 翼形裂纹张拉贯通破坏分析图；b. 示意图
Figure 9. Analysis diagram and schematic diagram of airfoil crack through tension failure
图 10 拉剪复合断裂破坏破坏分析图及示意图
a. 拉剪复合断裂破坏分析图；b. 示意图
Figure 10. Failure analysis diagram and schematic diagram of tension-shear composite fracture
图 11 层状结构 溶洞位于隧道顶部且结构面倾角大于β
a. 隧道顶部且结构面倾角大于β示意图；b. 力学模型图
Figure 11. The surrounding rock of the tunnel is a layered structure,the karst cave is located at the top of the tunnel and the inclination of the structural plane is greater than β
图 12 层状结构 溶洞位于隧道底部隧道顶部且结构面倾角大于β
a. 隧道底部且结构面倾角大于β示意图；b. 力学模型图
Figure 12. The surrounding rock of the tunnel is a layered structure,the karst cave is located at the bottom of the tunnel and the inclination of the structural plane is greater than β
图 13 层状结构 溶洞位于隧道侧部且结构面倾向隧道
a. 隧道侧部且结构面上倾示意图；b. 力学模型图
Figure 13. The surrounding rock of the tunnel is a layered structure,the karst cave is located at the side of the tunnel and the dip angle of the structural plane is upward
图 14 层状结构溶洞位于隧道侧部且结构面倾向溶洞
a. 隧道侧部且结构面下倾示意图；b. 力学模型图
Figure 14. The surrounding rock of the tunnel is a layered structure,and the karst cave is located on the side of the tunnel and the structural surface is inclined downward
图 15 碎裂结构及散体状结构 溶洞位于隧道顶部
a. 隧道顶部示意图；b. 力学模型图
Figure 15. The surrounding rock of the tunnel is of cataclastic structure and granular structure,the karst cave is located at the top of the tunnel
表 1 岩溶隧道涌突水破坏模式分类
Table 1. Classification of water inrush failure modes in karst tunnels
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