RESEARCH ON RUPTURE CHARACTERISTICS AND GENESIS MECHANISM OF SEISMIC GROUND FISSURE IN HUANGCAOPING SECTION OF BATANG FAULT
-
摘要: 地裂缝是地表岩土体内产生线性破裂的一种地质灾害,其中构造型地裂缝形成和发展与活动断层的运动特征密切相关。现有构造型地裂缝的报道大多与断层蠕滑活动有关,而针对断层黏滑运动(地震)所形成的地裂缝通常统一划分为地震地表破裂带,主要注重对其分布特征的调查,而针对其中单条地裂缝破裂特征和成因机理研究较为少见。本文以巴塘断裂在黄草坪段所形成的地裂缝为研究对象,通过野外地质调查、无人机测绘、野外槽探、物探等手段,揭示了地裂缝的浅-中-深几何结构及其成因机理。巴塘断裂在黄草坪段形成一槽谷地貌,地裂缝在槽谷中表现为一条具有线性特征的地貌陡坎S1,坎高为0.26±0.03 m。横跨槽谷的探槽揭露出陡坎下部及两侧密集发育有18条地裂缝,根据地裂缝贯通上覆地层的情况可大致划分出3个活动时期,可能代表巴塘断裂全新世以来的3次地震事件,部分地裂缝贯通至地表与S1陡坎相连,这可能是1870年巴塘M 7$ {\raise0.7ex\hbox{1} \!\mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 2}}\right.} \!\lower0.7ex\hbox{2}}$地震所致。横跨槽谷的地震反射剖面中表现出槽谷边界受控于两条相向而倾的铲型断裂,两条断裂共同形成了“Y”字型拉张地堑结构,而在地堑内部表现出有近直立的反射层变形带,位置大致可与陡坎S1对应。全新世以来,巴塘断裂在右旋走滑过程中,在局部近地表形成多级“Y”字型拉张地堑构造,而地堑内部地裂缝密集发育,且地裂缝形成及贯通上覆土层过程与巴塘断裂地震活动密切相关,因此该地裂缝形态受巴塘断裂几何结构控制,活动期次与巴塘断裂的强震活动相对应,具有典型地震地裂缝的特点。Abstract: Ground fissure is a kind of geological disaster and caused by linear fracture in surface rock and soil. The formation and development of tectonic ground fissures are closely related to the movement characteristics of active faults. The existing reports of tectonic ground fissures are mostly related to fault creep-slip movement, but the ground fissures formed by fault stick-slip(earthquake) are generally divided into seismic surface rupture zones. The main focus is on the investigation of their distribution characteristics. Research on the rupture characteristics and genetic mechanism of a single ground fissure is rare. In this paper, the ground fissure formed in Huangcaoping section of Batang fault is taken as the research object. The shallow-medium-deep geometric structure of ground fissures and their formation mechanisms have been revealed through field geological surveys, unmanned aerial vehicle surveying and mapping, field trenching, and geophysical prospecting. Batang fault forms a valley landform in Huangcaoping segment. The ground fissure in the valley shows a linear geomorphic scarp S1 with a height of 0.26±0.03 m. The geological trench across the valley revealed 18 ground fissures densely developed under and on both sides of the steep slope. Based on the situation of ground fissures penetrating into the overlying strata, three active periods can be roughly divided, which may represent three seismic events since the Holocene on Batang Fault. Part of the ground fissure penetrated to the surface and connected with scarp S1, which may be caused by Batang M 7$ {\raise0.7ex\hbox{1} \!\mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 2}}\right.} \!\lower0.7ex\hbox{2}}$ earthquake in 1870. The seismic reflection profile across the valley shows that the valley boundary is controlled by two listric faults which dip towards each other. The two faults together form a "Y" shaped tensile graben structure. In the graben, there is a near-vertical deformation zone of reflection layer, which roughly corresponds to the S1. Since the Holocene, during the right-lateral strike-slip process of the Batang fault, a multi-level"Y"-shaped extensional graben structure has been formed near the surface. The ground fissures within the graben are densely developed, and the formation is closely related to the seismic activity of Batang fault. Therefore, the geometry of the ground fissure is controlled by Batang fault structure, and the active period corresponds to the strong earthquake activity of Batang fault. It is a typical seismic ground fissure.
-
图 1 研究区地震构造图(断层数据邓起东等(2002))
①金沙江断裂带;②丽江-小金河断裂带;③红河断裂带;④小江断裂带;⑤安宁河断裂带;⑥鲜水河断裂带;⑦龙门山断裂带
Figure 1. Seismotectonic map of the study area(fault data cited by Deng et al.(2002))
表 1 地裂缝f1~f18具体特征汇总表
Table 1. Summary table of specific characteristics of seismic ground fissures f1~f18
地裂缝分类 地裂缝编号 垂向长度/cm 剖面宽度/cm 倾角/(°) 断错地层 引起位错量/cm 填充物 部分错断型地裂缝 f1 110 5~7 65-90 U2~U4 11.4 上覆红色黏土 f2 170 5.7~48 80-90 U1~U4 22.1 细砾石 f3 60 4.3 83 U3~U4 12.8 上覆红色黏土 f4 171 2~4 45~80 U2~U4 12.2 上覆红色黏土 f5 173 1~4 65 U2~U4 17 上覆红色黏土 f6 164 2~4 65~70 U2~U4 23.1 上覆红色黏土 f8 125 7 76 U1~U4 53 砾石夹红色黏土 贯通地表型地裂缝 f7 382 6.4~40 90 U1~U7 20 灰色黏土夹砾石 f10 325 13~45 55~90 U3~U7 38.2 — f12 380 2.6~5.7 60~75 U3~U7 15.3 灰色黏土 f13 288 1~2 65~90 U3~U7 21.4 灰色黏土 f14 280 2.3~4.9 90 U3~U6 — 灰色黏土 f16 392 4~15 80~90 U3~U7 11 灰色黏土夹砾石 f17 395 4.8~13.8 75~85 U3~U7 — — 密集条带状地裂缝 f9 62~94 1~2 80~90 U5~U6 — 灰色黏土 f11 56~102 1~2 80~90 U5~U6 — — f15 132~142 1~4 70~80 U6~U7 — 灰色黏土 f18 107~125 1~3 55~85 U5~U6 — — -
Chen B W. 1983. Some issues on geographical development of Nujiang River, Lancang River and Jinsha River in qamdo region[J]. Geological Collection of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, (4): 165-177. Chen Z L, Zhang X Y, Shen F, et al. 1999. GPS monitoring of crustal movement in southwest China[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 44 (8): 851-854. doi: 10.1360/csb1999-44-8-851 Chen Z X, Yuan Z H, Peng J B, et al. 2007. Basic characteristics about ground fractures' development of Weihe Basin[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology, 15 (4): 441-447. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9665.2007.04.002 Deng Q D, Zhang P Z, Ran Y K, et al. 2002. Basic characteristics of active tectonics in China[J]. Science in China(Series D), 32 (12): 1020-1030, 1057. Deng Q D, Zhu A L, Gao X. 2014. Re-evaluation of seismogenic and occurrence conditions of large earthquakes on strike-slip faults[J]. Seismology and Geology, 36 (3): 562-573. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2014.03.002 Earthquake Administration of Hebei Province. 1986. Xingtai Earthquake in 1966[M]. Beijing: Seismological Press. Earthquake Geology Team of Sichuan Seismological Bureau. 1988. The Batang M7.2 Earthquake in 1870[J]. Earthquake Research in Sichuan, (4): 1-11. Filippis L D, Anzalone E, Billi A, et al. 2013. The origin and growth of a recently-active fissure ridge travertine over a seismic fault, Tivoli, Italy[J]. Geomorphology, 195 : 13-26. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.04.019 Geng D Y, Li Z S. 2000. Ground fissure hazards in the united states and China[J]. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 22 (4): 433-441, 448. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0253-3782.2000.04.013 Huang J Q, Ren J S, Jiang C F, et al. 1977. An outline of the tectonic characteristics of China[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, (2): 117-135. Huang W L, Yang X P, Li S Q, et al. 2018. The late quaternary activity characteristics of the strike-slip faults in the Tianshan orogenic belt: A case study of the Kaiduhe fault[J]. Seismology and Geology, 40 (5): 1040-1058. Kan R J, Zhang S C, Yan F T, et al. 1977. Present tectonic stress field and its relation to the characteristics of recent tectonic activity in southwestern China[J]. Acta Geophysica Sinica, 20 (2): 96-109. Li P, Wang L M. 1975. Exploration of the seismo-geological features of the Yunnan-west Sichuan region[J]. Chinese Journal of Geology, (4): 308-326. Liu K. 2008. The correlation analysis of earthquakes and ground fissures activity in Heibei plain[J]. North China Earthquake Science, 26 (4): 45-50. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-1375.2008.04.010 Lu Q Z, Zhao F K, Peng J B, et al. 2013. Overview on rupture propagation studies of buried ground-fissures[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology, 21 (6): 898-907. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9665.2013.06.018 Molnar P, England P, Martinod J. 1993. Mantle dynamics, uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, and the Indian Monsoon[J]. Reviews of Geophysics, 31 (4): 357-396. doi: 10.1029/93RG02030 Pan G T, Chen Z L, Li X Z, et al. 1997. Geological structure formation and evolution of East Tethys[M]. Beijing: Geological Publishing House. Peng J B, Chen L W, Huang Q B, et al. 2008. Large-scale physical simulation experiment on ground-fissure expansion mechanicsm[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 51 (6): 1826-1834. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2008.06.024 Peng J B, Fan W, Li X A, et al. 2007. Some key questions in the formation of ground fissures in the Fen-Wei Basin[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology, 15 (4): 433-440. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9665.2007.04.001 Peng J B, Lu Q Z, Huang Q B, et al. 2017. Disaster of ground fissures in Fenwei Basin[M]. Beijing: Science Press. Peng J B, Su S R, Mi F S. 1992. Active faults and geological disasters in the Weihe Basin[M]. Xi'an: Northwest University Press. Peng J B. 2012. Ground fissure disaster in Xi'an[M]. Beijing: Science Press. Qiao J W, Xue S Z, Peng J B, et al. 2015. Analysis for mechanism of Guochang earth fissures in Linfen Basin[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology, 23 (4): 769-777. Qiao X J, Wang Q, Du R L. 2004. Characteristics of current crustal deformation of active blocks in the Sichuan-Yunnan region[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 47 (5): 805-811. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2004.05.011 Scientific Research Office of National Earthquake Administration. 1981. Tangshan earthquake investigation and research[M]. Beijing: Seismological Press. Seismological Bureau of Sichuan Province. 1994. The 1989 Batang Earthquake Group in Sichuan Province[M]. Beijing: Seismological Press. Southwest Seismic Intensity Team of the State Seismological Administration. 1979. Seismological and geological survey of Sichuan-Yunnan strong earthquake area[M]. Beijing: Seismological Press. Tapponnier P, Xu Z Q, Roger F, et al. 2001. Oblique stepwise rise and growth of the tibet plateau[J]. Science, 294(5547): 1671-1677. doi: 10.1126/science.105978 Wang F Y, Peng J B, Lu Q Z, et al. 2019. The study on the syngenetic mechanism of ground fissures: a case from the Weihe Basin[J]. Journal of Nanjing University(Natural Science), 55 (3): 339-348. Wang J M, Li C C, Wang C M, et al. 2000. Study on the distribution and genesis of ground fissures in China[C]//The Geological Society of China, et al. Proceedings of the Sixth National Congress of Engineering Geology. Beijing: Science Press: 18-23. Wang J M, Wang C M, Liu K. 2001. Progress in ground fissures and its hazard research[J]. Advances in Earth Sciences, 16 (3): 303-313. Wang J M. 2000. The theory and application of ground fissures and their disasters[M]. Xi'an: Shaanxi Science and Technology Press. Wang L Q, Pan G T, Li D M, et al. 1999. The spatio-temporal framework and geological evolution of the Jinshajiang arc-basin systems[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 73 (3): 206-218. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0001-5717.1999.03.002 Wu Q, Chen P P. 2003. Research on state of art and prospect of earth fissures[J]. The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazards and Control, 14 (1): 25-30. Wu X G, Cai C X. 1992. The neotectonic activity along the central segment of Jinshajiang fault zone and the eplicentral determination of Batang M6.5 earthquake[J]. Journal of Seismological Research, 15 (4): 401-410. Xu X W, Zhang P Z, Wen X Z, et al. 2005. Features of active tectonics and recurrence behaviors of strong earthquakes in the western Sichuan Province and its adjacent regions[J]. Seismology and Geology, 27 (3): 446-461. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2005.03.010 Xu Z Q, Hou L W, Wang Z X. 1992. The orogenic process of the Songpan-Ganzi orogenic belt, China[M]. Beijing: Geological Publishing House. Xu Z Q, Hou L W, Wang Z X. 1991. New progress in the study of the structure of the Songpan-Ganzi orogenic belt[J]. Geology in China, (12): 14-16. Yang X P, Li A, Liu B J, et al. 2009. Surface deformation of the Chengdu plain area produced by the Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake of 12 May 2008, Sichuan, China[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 52 (10): 2527-2537. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2009.10.011 Youssef A M, Sabtan A A, Maerz N H, et al. 2014. Earth fissures in Wadi Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia[J]. Natural Hazards, 71 (3): 2013-2027. doi: 10.1007/s11069-013-0991-5 Zhang B, He W G, Fang L H, et al. 2015. Surveys on surface rupture phenomena of Gznsu Kangle M6 3/4 earthquake in 1936[J]. Journal of Seismological Research, 38 (2): 262-271, 333. Zhang B, He W G, Pang W, et al. 2016. Geological and geomorphic expressions of late quaternary strike-slip activity on Jinta Nanshan fault in northern edge of Qing-Zang block[J]. Seismology and Geology, 38 (1): 1-21. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2016.01.001 Zhang P Z, Shen Z K, Wang M, et al. 2004. Continuous deformation of the Tibetan Plateau from global positioning system data[J]. Geology, 32 (9): 809-812. doi: 10.1130/G20554.1 Zhang Q L. 2016. Study on deformation of faults in Batang region in western Sichuan[D]. Chengdu: Chengdu University of Technology. Zhou R J, Chen G X, Li Y, et al. 2005. Research on active faults in Litang-Batang region, western Sichuan Province, and the seismogenic structures of the 1989 Batang M6.7 Earthquake swarm[J]. Seismology and Geology, 27 (1): 31-43. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2005.01.004 陈炳蔚. 1983. 昌都地区怒江、澜沧江、金沙江流域地槽发展的若干问题[J]. 青藏高原地质文集, (4): 165-177. https://cpfd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CPFDTOTAL-ZGDJ198207003016.htm 陈志新, 袁志辉, 彭建兵, 等. 2007. 渭河盆地地裂缝发育基本特征[J]. 工程地质学报, 15 (4): 441-447. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9665.2007.04.002 陈智梁, 张选阳, 沈凤, 等. 1999. 中国西南地区地壳运动的GPS监测[J]. 科学通报, 44 (8): 851-854. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0023-074X.1999.08.015 邓起东, 张培震, 冉勇康, 等. 2002. 中国活动构造基本特征[J]. 中国科学(D辑), 32 (12): 1020-1030, 1057. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JDXK200212006.htm 邓起东, 朱艾斓, 高翔. 2014. 再议走滑断裂与地震孕育和发生条件[J]. 地震地质, 36 (3): 562-573. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2014.03.002 耿大玉, 李忠生. 2000. 中美两国的地裂缝灾害[J]. 地震学报, 22 (4): 433-441, 448. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0253-3782.2000.04.013 国家地震局科研处. 1981. 唐山地震考察与研究[M]. 北京: 地震出版社. 国家地震局西南烈度队. 1979. 川滇强震区地震地质调查汇编[M]. 北京: 地震出版社. 河北省地震局. 1986. 一九六六年邢台地震[M]. 北京: 地震出版社. 黄汲清, 任纪舜, 姜春发, 等. 1977. 中国大地构造基本轮廓[J]. 地质学报, (2): 117-135. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZXE197702002.htm 黄伟亮, 杨晓平, 李胜强, 等. 2018. 天山内部走滑断裂晚第四纪活动特征研究——以开都河断裂为例[J]. 地震地质, 40 (5): 1040-1058. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZDZ201805007.htm 阚荣举, 张四昌, 晏凤桐, 等. 1977. 我国西南地区现代构造应力场与现代构造活动特征的探讨[J]. 地球物理学报, 20 (2): 96-109. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DQWX197702001.htm 李玶, 汪良谋. 1975. 云南川西地区地震地质基本特征的探讨[J]. 地质科学, (4): 308-326. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZKX197504001.htm 刘科. 2008. 河北平原地区地震地裂缝活动的相关性分析[J]. 华北地震科学, 26 (4): 45-50. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HDKD200804010.htm 卢全中, 赵富坤, 彭建兵, 等. 2013. 隐伏地裂缝破裂扩展研究综述[J]. 工程地质学报, 21 (6): 898-907. http://www.gcdz.org/article/id/11363 潘桂棠, 陈智梁, 李兴振, 等. 1997. 东特提斯地质构造形成演化[M]. 北京: 地质出版社. 彭建兵, 陈立伟, 黄强兵, 等. 2008. 地裂缝破裂扩展的大型物理模拟试验研究[J]. 地球物理学报, 51 (6): 1826-1834. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DQWX200806025.htm 彭建兵, 范文, 李喜安, 等. 2007. 汾渭盆地地裂缝成因研究中的若干关键问题[J]. 工程地质学报, 15 (4): 433-440. http://www.gcdz.org/article/id/8829 彭建兵, 卢全中, 黄强兵, 等. 2017. 汾渭盆地地裂缝灾害[M]. 北京: 科学出版社. 彭建兵, 苏生瑞, 米丰收. 1992. 渭河盆地活动断裂与地质灾害[M]. 西安: 西北大学出版社. 彭建兵. 2012. 西安地裂缝灾害[M]. 北京: 科学出版社. 乔建伟, 薛守中, 彭建兵, 等. 2015. 临汾盆地果场地裂缝成因机理分析[J]. 工程地质学报, 23 (4): 769-777. doi: 10.13544/j.cnki.jeg.2015.04.027 乔学军, 王琪, 杜瑞林. 2004. 川滇地区活动地块现今地壳形变特征[J]. 地球物理学报, 47 (5): 805-811. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DQWX200405010.htm 四川地震局. 1994.1989年四川巴塘强震群[M]. 北京: 地震出版社. 四川省地震局地震地质队. 1988.1870年巴塘7.2级地震[J]. 四川地震, (4): 1-11. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SCHZ198804001.htm 王飞永, 彭建兵, 卢全中, 等. 2019. 渭河盆地地裂缝同生机制研究[J]. 南京大学学报(自然科学), 55 (3): 339-348. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-NJDZ201903001.htm 王景明, 李昌存, 王春梅, 等. 2000. 中国地裂缝的分布与成因研究[C]//中国地质学会等. 第六届全国工程地质大会论文集. 北京: 科学出版社: 18-23. 王景明, 王春梅, 刘科. 2001. 地裂缝及其灾害研究的新进展[J]. 地球科学进展, 16 (3): 303-313. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DXJZ200103002.htm 王景明. 2000. 地裂缝及其灾害的理论与应用[M]. 西安: 陕西科学技术出版社. 王立全, 潘桂棠, 李定谋, 等. 1999. 金沙江弧-盆系时空结构及地史演化[J]. 地质学报, 73 (3): 206-218. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZXE199903001.htm 伍先国, 蔡长星. 1992. 金沙江断裂带新活动和巴塘6.5级地震震中的确定[J]. 地震研究, 15 (4): 401-410. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZYJ199204006.htm 武强, 陈佩佩. 2003. 地裂缝灾害研究现状与展望[J]. 中国地质灾害与防治学报, 14 (1): 25-30. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZGDH200301005.htm 徐锡伟, 张培震, 闻学泽, 等. 2005. 川西及其邻近地区活动构造基本特征与强震复发模型[J]. 地震地质, 27 (3): 446-461. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZDZ200503009.htm 许志琴, 候立玮, 王宗秀. 1992. 中国松潘-甘孜造山带的造山过程[M]. 北京: 地质出版社. 许志琴, 候立玮, 王宗秀. 1991. 松潘-甘孜造山带构造研究新进展[J]. 中国地质, (12): 14-16. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DIZI199112005.htm 杨晓平, 李安, 刘保金, 等. 2009. 成都平原内汶川MS8.0级地震的地表变形[J]. 地球物理学报, 52 (10): 2527-2537. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DQWX200910013.htm 张波, 何文贵, 方良好, 等. 2015.1936年甘肃康乐6(3/4)级地震地表破裂带调查[J]. 地震研究, 38 (2): 262-271, 333. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZYJ201502012.htm 张波, 何文贵, 庞炜, 等. 2016. 青藏块体北部金塔南山断裂晚第四纪走滑活动的地质地貌特征[J]. 地震地质, 38 (1): 1-21. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZDZ201601001.htm 张清林. 2016. 川西巴塘地区断裂构造变形研究[D]. 成都: 成都理工大学. 周荣军, 陈国星, 李勇, 等. 2005. 四川西部理塘—巴塘地区的活动断裂与1989年巴塘6.7级震群发震构造研究[J]. 地震地质, 27 (1): 31-43. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZDZ200501003.htm -