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MODEL TESTS OF RUN-OUT AND DEPOSITION PROCESS OF LANDSLIDE DEBRIS CONSIDERING INFLUENCE OF DEPOSITING ZONE WIDTH
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摘要: 堆积区宽度会显著影响滑坡碎屑流运动与堆积过程，而目前该方面研究却相对较少。本文设计了一种水平滑段宽度可变的物理模型试验装置，在此基础上开展了一系列物理模型试验。试验获取了不同宽度水平滑段条件下颗粒流运动与堆积过程的图像和数据，分析了颗粒流速度分布和堆积特征，进一步结合数值模拟探讨了颗粒流运动机制与堆积特征成因。结果表明：颗粒流在倾斜滑段随运动距离增加逐渐离散且离散范围也逐渐增大；颗粒流在水平滑段的运动速度随水平滑段宽度增加逐渐减小，运动速度方向发生偏移且随水平滑段宽度增加更加显著；颗粒流在水平滑段的堆积长度随水平滑段宽度增加逐渐减小，堆积宽度逐渐增加，堆积面积先减小后增加；数值模拟结果表明：碰撞是颗粒间主要能量传递形式，摩擦是主要耗能形式，随着水平滑段宽度增加，颗粒流在水平滑段颗粒间的碰撞次数逐渐减少，颗粒向两侧滑动展布，摩擦耗能使得颗粒流堆积宽度增加而堆积长度减小。Abstract: It is noted that the run-out and deposition processes of rockslide-avalanche can be greatly affected by the width of the depositing zone. However, there are limited studies regarding the influence of the width of the depositing zone on the run-out and deposition processes of rockslide-avalanche in literature. In this study, a model test system with an easily adjustable width of the depositing zone is designed and used for a series of model tests. During the tests, the images and data of the run-out process and deposition behaviors, with different widths of depositing zone, are collected and used for deriving the velocity and deposition behaviors of the granular flow. Further, numerical simulations are undertaken to reveal the underlying mechanisms of the run-out and deposition behaviors. On the basis of the obtained results, the following conclusions are drawn. The divergence of the sliding materials on its inclined sliding path tends to increase with the sliding distance. The sliding velocity of the materials in the depositing zone decreases with the width of the depositing zone, the sliding direction of the materials changes in the depositing zone and this change becomes more distinct with the increase of the width of the depositing zone. The increase of the width of the depositing zone tends to lead to the decrease of the length of the granular flow deposition in the depositing zone while the increase of the width of the granular flow deposition. The area of the granular flow deposition decreases first and then increases with the width of the depositing zone. Numerical simulations indicate that collision is the main type of energy transfers among the sliding martials while friction is the main type of energy consumption. With the increase of the width of the depositing zone, the frequency of collisions decreases and the sliding materials tends to move towards two sides. The energy consumption induced by friction could lead to the increase of the width of the granular flow deposition while the decrease of the deposition length.
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Key words:
- Model test /
- Width of depositing zone /
- Granular flow /
- Run-out process /
- Deposition behaviors /
- Numerical simulation
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图 1 物理模型试验装置照片
a. 物理模型试验装置整体图; b. 水平滑段宽度调整示意图
Figure 1. Photo of the designed model test system
图 2 碎屑流模拟材料(卵石)
a. 卵石筛分; b. 卵石染色
Figure 2. Modelling materials of lockslide-avalanche(pebble)
图 3 颗粒流堆积物三维模型倾斜摄影测量重建示意图
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of 3D model reconstruction of the deposition of granular flow by oblique photogrammetry
图 4 倾斜滑段颗粒流运动过程分析
a. 颗粒流运动过程俯视图; b. 颗粒流运动速度云图
Figure 4. Analysis of the run-out processes of granular flow on the inclined sliding path
图 5 倾斜滑段颗粒流运动特征分析
a. 颗粒流间隔0.3 m位置处速度变化图; b. 颗粒流间隔0.3 m位置处Fr变化箱型图
Figure 5. Analysis of the run-out behaviors of granular flow on the inclined sliding path
图 6 不同宽度水平滑段条件下颗粒流运动过程分析
Figure 6. Analysis of the run-out processes of granular flow with different widths of depositing zone
图 7 不同宽度水平滑段条件下颗粒流运动特征分布特征
a. 1.8 s颗粒流纵向平均速度分布特征; b. 1.9 s颗粒流纵向平均速度分布特征; c. 1.8 s颗粒流横向平均速度分布特征; d. 1.9 s颗粒流横向平均速度分布特征
Figure 7. Analysis of the run-out behaviors of granular flow with different widths of depositing zone
图 8 不同宽度水平滑段条件下颗粒流堆积形态俯视图
Figure 8. The vertical view of the granular flow deposit shapes with different widths of depositing zone
图 9 不同宽度水平滑段条件下颗粒流堆积特征图
a. 整体颗粒流堆积特征; b. 红色(前部)颗粒流堆积特征; c. 黄色(中部)颗粒流堆积特征; d. 蓝色(后部)颗粒流堆积特征
Figure 9. Deposit characteristics of granular flow with different widths of depositing zone
图 10 不同宽度水平滑段条件下颗粒流堆积面积变化
Figure 10. Changes of the deposition area of granular flow with different widths of depositing zone
图 11 颗粒流倾斜滑段运动过程与水平滑段堆积特征数值模拟结果与试验结果对比分析
a. 颗粒流运动特性数值模拟结果与试验结果对比; b. 颗粒流堆积特性数值模拟结果与试验结果对比
Figure 11. Comparisons of the run-out process on the inclined sliding path and the deposit characteristics of l granular flow in depositing zone between numerical simulation results and experimental results
图 12 不同宽度水平滑段条件下监测区碰撞次数与颗粒流能量损失率
a. 不同宽度水平滑段条件下监测区碰撞次数; b. 不同宽度水平滑段条件下颗粒流能量损失率
Figure 12. Collision frequency of sliding materials and energy loss rate of granular flow with different widths of depositing zone
图 13 水平滑段宽度为0.8 m与1.2 m条件颗粒流运动特征与堆积形态
a. 水平滑段宽度为0.8 m与1.2 m条件下颗粒流运动时间为2.0 s时的速度特征; b. 水平滑段宽度为0.8 m与1.2 m条件下颗粒流最终堆积形态
Figure 13. Velocity characteristics and deposit shape of granular flow with widths of 0.8 m and 1.2 m of depositing zone
表 1 卵石粒径与质量配比
Table 1. Pebble diameter and related quality ratio
卵石粒径/cm 1~1.5 1.5~2 2~2.5 2.5~3 质量配比 20% 30% 30% 20% 
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表 2 物理模型试验工况
Table 2. Testing programs adopted in this study
工况 A B C D E 水平滑段宽度/m 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
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表 3 MatDEM数值模型颗粒力学参数取值
Table 3. Properties of granular adopted in the built MatDEM model
材料参数 取值 单位 弹性模量 2.65 GPa 泊松比 0.2 抗拉强度 3.65 MPa 抗压强度 40 MPa 内摩擦系数 0.5 密度 2615 kg·m-3
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