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FORMATION MECHANISM AND INSTABILITY MODEL OF KAPO SOIL COLLAPSE GROUP IN WENSU COUNTY, XINJIANG
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摘要: 土质崩塌是一种危险性极高且广泛分布的地质灾害，是当前地质灾害领域研究的热点问题。近年来阿克苏地区一带土质崩塌灾害发灾频率显著上升，尤其是以温宿县卡坡区域为中心的土质崩塌群最为典型，由于该区域受地形地貌、复杂地层、侵蚀作用等影响，至今仍存在众多崩塌隐患点，严重威胁周边居民的生命财产安全。本研究以温宿县卡坡崩塌群为研究对象，通过野外调查、收集资料、理论分析等手段，阐述了卡坡崩塌群地质灾害的基本特征和类型，深入剖析其影响因素及形成机理，对失稳模式过程进行归纳总结，并根据崩塌失稳过程的演化关系，总结灾害的启动规律与演化模式。研究结果表明，卡坡崩塌群的形成是多因素相耦合的结果，其中土体自身性质和降雨是最重要的影响因素；研究区崩塌多以倾倒式为主，针对该类型的运动失稳模式，本文从节理裂隙发育、降雨入渗、坡脚凹腔破坏和土体强度变化等多角度出发，将研究区倾倒式崩塌的失稳演化过程归纳为“节理裂隙-凹腔发育阶段→水-节理面作用阶段→危岩体沿支撑点的倾倒运动阶段→崩塌体的失稳堆积阶段”4个过程。本文的研究成果能为该地区及类似土质崩塌的形成机理和失稳规律的系统性研究提供借鉴意义和理论支撑。Abstract: Soil collapse is a kind of geological hazard with high risk and widespread distribution. It is also a hot topic in the field of geological hazard research. In recent years, the frequency of soil collapse disasters in Aksu Area has increased significantly. Especially the soil collapse group centered in Kapo area of Wensu County is the most typical. Due to the influence of topography, complex strata and erosion, there are still many hidden points of the collapse in this area, seriously threatening the life and property safety of surrounding residents. Based on field investigation, data collection, theoretical analysis and remote sensing image analysis, this study discusses the basic characteristics and types of geological hazards of the Kapo collapse group in Wensu County, deeply analyzes its influencing factors and formation mechanism, and summarizes the process of the instability model. According to the evolutionary relationship of the collapse and instability process, the initiation law and evolution model of the disasters are summarized. The results show that the formation of Kapo collapse group is the result of coupling of multiple factors, especially the soil properties and rainfall. In addition, the collapse in the study area is mainly in toppling mode. Aiming at the kinematic instability mode of this type, this paper starts from multiple perspectives, such as joint fracture development, rainfall infiltration, slope cavity failure and soil strength change. The instability evolution process of toppling collapse can be summarized into four processes: Strip fissure-concave cavity development stage, the action stage of water-joint plane, the toppling movement stage of dangerous rock mass along the support point, and the unstable accumulation stage of collapse body. The research results of this paper can provide reference and theoretical support for the systematic study of the formation mechanism and instability law of similar soil collapse.
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Key words:
- Kapo collapse group /
- Soil collapse /
- Formation mechanism /
- Instability mode /
- Tipping type
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图 1 研究区北部危岩带及崩塌点分布图
Figure 1. Distribution map of dangerous rock zone and collapse points in the north of the study area
图 2 研究区南部危岩带及崩塌点分布图
Figure 2. Distribution map of dangerous rock zone and collapse points in the south of the study area
图 4 研究区典型崩塌发育照片
a. 粮仓南侧中位危岩带崩塌；b. 林场路西侧中位危岩带；c. 中位危岩带坡脚崩积物；d. 高台墓区东侧坠落式崩塌
Figure 4. Photos of the typical collapse development in the study area
图 5 典型地层特征剖面及地质剖面模型
Figure 5. Typical stratigraphic characteristic profile and geological profile model
图 7 典型崩塌点全貌及结构面特征
Figure 7. Full picture and structural surface features of typical collapse points
图 8 降雨量、温度与崩塌灾害史拟合图
Figure 8. Fit diagram of rainfall,temperature and collapse disaster history
图 9 典型坡面形态的崩塌点全貌
a. 凸性崩塌；b. 直线型崩塌；c. 阶梯型崩塌；d. 凹型崩塌
Figure 9. The overall collapse point of the typical slope form
图 10 崩塌与坡体特征关系
Figure 10. The relationship between collapse and slope body characteristics
图 11 崩塌与坡体特征比率关系图
Figure 11. Diagram of the characteristic ratio between collapse and slope body
图 12 斜坡变形破坏特征
a. 坡顶落水洞；b. 坡前细长冲沟；c. 垂直节理裂隙；d. 坡脚处凹腔
Figure 12. Full view of the dangerous rock zone and the collapse point in the study area
图 13 土体颗粒堆积与坡顶水土流失
Figure 13. Soil particle accumulation and soil erosion at slope top
图 15 各影响因素实例图
a. 土体自身直立；b. 入渗通道；c. 坡脚侵蚀；d. 坡顶土遗址
Figure 15. Example diagram of each influencing factor
图 18 运动失稳阶段划分
a. 节理发育；b. 贯通裂隙；c. 凹腔发育；d. 失稳后堆积
Figure 18. Division of the motor instability stages
图 19 崩塌失稳演化示意图
Figure 19. A Schematic diagram of the collapse-induced instability evolution
图 20 发育有凹腔和垂直节理的典型崩塌体
Figure 20. Develop collapse with concave cavity and vertical joints
表 1 研究区崩塌灾害特征统计表
Table 1. Statistical table of collapse disasters in study area
灾害点 崩塌体体积/m3 堆积体体积/m3 危岩带分布 崩塌方式 成因 坡型 坡度/(°) 坡向/(°) 坡高H/m BT1 1000~200 52 中位 倾倒式 降雨、风化 凸型 80 108 28 BT2 800~1500 1~25 中位 倾倒式 降雨、风化 凸型 72 125 25 BT3 500~2000 55 中位 坠落式 降雨、风化 凸型 70 153 18 BT4 800~2000 65 低位 倾倒式 降雨、风化 直线型 65 250 14 BT5 5000 130 中位 倾倒式 降雨、风化 直线型 80 195 26 BT6 6000 20 中位 倾倒式 降雨、风化 直线型 85 260 30 BT7 4500 18 中位 倾倒式 降雨、风化 凸型 80 170 35 BT8 3800 — 中位 倾倒式 降雨、风化 直线型 84 165 29 BT9 5~15 5~10 中位 倾倒式 降雨、风化 阶梯型 76 85 34 BT10 10~30 15~30 中位 倾倒式 降雨、风化 直线型 75 90 26 BT11 50~70 40~50 中位 倾倒式 降雨、风化 凸型 75 155 33 BT12 900 110 中位 倾倒式 降雨、风化 直线型 68 205 20 BT13 850 65 中位 倾倒式 降雨、风化 凹型 73 185 27 BT14 1300 — 中位 倾倒式 降雨、风化 直线型 80 300 31 BT15 60 18 低位 倾倒式 降雨、风化 阶梯型 80 90 15 BT16 45 25 低位 坠落式 降雨、风化 凸型 84 190 13 BT17 90 10~50 中位 坠落式 降雨、风化 凸型 78 85 24 BT18 20~200 20 中位 坠落式 降雨、风化 直线型 85 124 25 BT19 10~70 — 中位 倾倒式 降雨、风化 凸型 82 130 30 BT20 200~1000 — 中位 倾倒式 降雨、风化 直线型 79 205 28 BT21 200~500 16 中位 倾倒式 降雨、风化 阶梯型 83 255 31 BT22 2~10 8 中位 坠落式 降雨、风化 直线型 80 240 27 BT23 200 — 中位 倾倒式 降雨、风化 直线型 83 295 33 BT24 300 30 低位 倾倒式 降雨、风化 直线型 85 160 14 BT25 600 12 低位 倾倒式 降雨、风化 阶梯型 81 234 12 BT26 500 10 低位 倾倒式 降雨、风化 直线型 81 246 10 BT27 500~900 — 低位 倾倒式 降雨、风化 凸型 85 90 14 BT28 2~10 4 中位 倾倒式 降雨、风化 直线型 76 178 29 BT29 5~60 — 低位 坠落式 降雨、风化 凹型 78 193 15 BT30 10~200 50 中位 倾倒式 降雨、风化 直线型 70 290 25 
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表 2 土体物理力学参数
Table 2. Physical and mechanical parameters of the soil
重度/kN·m-3 内摩擦角/(°) 黏聚力
c/kPa弹性模量
E/kPa泊松比 坡体参数 17.64 21.90 40 75000 0.35
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