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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND DISASTER-CAUSING MECHANISM OF LOESS IN ILI, XINJIANG, CHINA
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摘要: 伊犁黄土具有强湿陷性、高易溶盐含量等地域性特征，成为伊犁谷地地质灾害发育的重要物质基础。本文在总结伊犁谷地黄土的成因、分布、成分及黄土地质灾害分布特征的基础上，分析了含水率、干密度、垂直荷载、易溶盐含量、基质吸力及冻融循环次数对伊犁黄土水-力学特性的影响，总结了伊犁黄土滑坡灾害类型及特性。受谷地喇叭状地形及气候影响，伊犁黄土埋深呈中部深两侧浅分布，粒径由西向东逐渐变细，与黄土滑坡灾害分布呈正相关。伊犁黄土湿陷性受控于垂直荷载，在含水率为8% ~10%达到最大，与干密度呈负相关。伊犁黄土湿陷性与垂直荷载关系符合Biphasic Hill方程。易溶盐含量对伊犁黄土抗剪强度具有重要影响，与黏聚力呈负相关；冻融循环次数增大会导致黄土结构破坏、裂隙率快速增大，伊犁黄土渗透系数先增后减，黏聚力快速减少。从地质结构、动力条件、滑动机制等方面将伊犁黄土滑坡进行分类总结；分别对不同动力成因下的黄土滑坡灾变机理进行阐述。研究成果对伊犁黄土滑坡研究和防治、滑坡灾害预测具有一定的指导意义和适用价值。Abstract: Ili loess has regional characteristics such as strong collapsibility and high soluble salt content and has become an important basis for the development of geological disasters in the Ili Valley. Failure mechanism of loess landslides is controlled by the geological properties of the loess and the special environment of the Ili Valley. Ili loess has its own uniqueness due to its unique geographical location and climatic conditions. In this paper, the distribution, genesis and development characteristics of Ili loess are summarized. The effects of moisture content, dry density, vertical load, soluble salt content, matrix suction and freeze-thaw cycles on the hydro-mechanical characteristics of Ili loess are analyzed in detail with indoor experiment, CT scanning technology, SEM and other methods. The Ili loess landslide was classified and summarized from theaspects of geological structure, dynamic conditions and sliding mechanism. The catastrophic mechanism of loess landslide under different dynamic causes was elaborated. It has certain guiding significance and applicable value for the research and prevention of Ili loess landslide and landslide disaster earch and prevention of Ili loess landslide disasters.
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Key words:
- Loess /
- Loess landslide /
- Ili Valley /
- Disaster mechanism
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图 4 伊犁谷地地质灾害与地形地貌分布图
Figure 4. Geological hazard and landform distribution map of Ili Valley
图 5 不同含水率、干密度条件下伊犁黄土湿陷系数变化特征
Figure 5. Variation characteristics of collapsibility coefficient of Ili loess under different water contents and dry densities
图 6 不同含水率条件下伊犁黄土湿陷系数变化特征
Figure 6. Variation characteristics of collapsibility coefficient of Ili loess under different water content conditions
图 7 不同干密度条件下伊犁黄土湿陷系数变化特征
Figure 7. Variation characteristics of collapsibility coefficient of Ili loess under different dry densities
图 9 (a)不同含水率与(b)不同干密度下伊犁黄土湿陷系数与垂直荷载变化关系
Figure 9. Relationship between collapsibility coefficient and vertical load of Ili loess under different water contents(a) and dry densities(b)
图 10 易溶盐含量与抗剪强度关系
a. 有效黏聚力与有效摩擦角; b. 不同吸力条件下黏聚力与内摩擦角
Figure 10. Relationship between soluble salt content and shear strength: (a) effective cohesion and effective friction angle; (b) cohesion and internal friction angle under different suction conditions
图 11 偏应力与易溶盐含量关系曲线
Figure 11. Relationship curve between deviator stress and soluble salt content
图 12 伊犁地区2-3月平均极端气温分布及冻融路径
Figure 12. The distribution and freezing and thawing path of the average extreme temperature from February to March in Ili region
图 14 内摩擦角与冻融循环次数关系
Figure 14. Relationship between internal friction angle and number of freeze-thaw cycles
图 15 冻融循环条件下黄土(a)渗透系数、(b)内摩擦角、(c)黏聚力定基衰减率
Figure 15. Loess under freeze-thaw cycles(a) permeability coefficient,(b) internal friction angle,(c) cohesive force base attenuation rate
图 16 冻融循环下黄土裂隙率、孔隙分形维数及不同冻融次数下CT扫描图：(a)0次，(b)1次，(c)5次，(d)10次(Shi G M et al., 2022)
Figure 16. Correlations of both crack ratio and fractal dimension with freeze-thaw and salt content
图 17 冻融循环作用下黄土微观结构演化过程示意图(Liu et al., 2021)
Figure 17. Schematic diagram of the microstructural evolution of loess with FT cycling
表 1 伊犁黄土滑坡分类
Table 1. Classification of Ili loess landslides
滑坡类型 动力成因 滑坡带位置 滑动机制 地质结构 典型案例 黄土层内滑坡 液化型 浅表层 降雨、融雪使土体含水率快速增大，黄土的水敏性及震液性导致浅层发生液化滑移 
冻融型 浅层黄土内滑移 季节性冻融导致浅层黄土结构破坏，形成易滑区 
皮里青河“3·24”黄土滑坡、大洪纳海沟滑坡 冻融+降雨型 黄土内部多层滑动面滑移 冻融导致后缘裂隙产生，降雨使得地表水灌入 
则克台滑坡 黄土-离石黄土滑坡 汇水型 黄土与隔水层界面 双层异质斜坡结构为地下水在界面处汇集形成条件，形成软弱面 
加朗普特滑坡群 黄土-砂砾石-泥岩结构滑坡 种蜂场滑坡、苏阿苏沟东岸黄土滑坡 黄土-基岩接触面滑坡 大洪纳海沟滑坡 黄土-泥岩混合型滑坡 降雨型 基岩层间软弱结构面 在自重作用下滑坡体沿着软弱结构面发生蠕滑 
乌托巴依萨依滑坡 
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