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ZONATION OF DISASTER ENVIRONMENTS OF COLLAPSE, LANDSLIDE AND DEBRIS FLOW GEOLOGIC HAZARDS AND THEIR FORMATION MECHANISMS IN XINJIANG
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摘要: 新疆地域广阔，地质灾害点多、面广，自然地理条件和地质环境背景差距较大，因此地质灾害孕灾环境合理分区至关重要。本文在综合考虑地形地貌、地质构造、大气降水和工程地质条件等因素对崩滑流地质灾害分布影响的基础上进行了孕灾环境分区，并选取了不同典型区域内有代表性的崩滑流地质灾害开展影响因素和形成机制的专门研究。结果如下：(1)将新疆地区崩滑流地质灾害的孕灾环境划分为阿尔泰山与准噶尔西部山区、准噶尔盆地区、天山北麓区、天山南麓区、吐哈盆地区、塔里木盆地区、昆仑山区等共计7个区域；(2)空间分布上，新疆地区独有的崩滑流地质灾害分布规律是沿阿尔泰山、天山、昆仑山环绕准噶尔盆地和塔里木盆地，呈开口朝东的“E”字型分布，在时间分布上，新疆崩滑流地质灾害的发生与大气降水、冰雪融化关系最为密切；(3)阿尔泰山与准噶尔西部山区、天山南坡、阿尔金山与昆仑山3个区域崩塌和泥石流地质灾害最为发育，天山北坡滑坡和泥石流地质灾害最为发育，地形地貌、地层岩性、降水等地质环境条件与这些灾害的形成密不可分。本文的研究结果对于总结归纳新疆崩滑流地质灾害的分布、孕灾环境、孕灾机制等具有一定的推动作用，有利于进一步解决“地质灾害在哪里”这一地质灾害防治关键问题。Abstract: Xinjiang spans a vast area, and is characterized by a high incidence and wide range of geological disasters. Given the significant differences in its natural geography and geological environment, it is crucial to rationally divide its disaster-prone environments. This paper zones these environments and consideres the factors including topography, geological structures, precipitation, and engineering geological conditions. These factors can influence the distribution of landslide and debris flow geological disasters. This paper also conducts specialized studies on the formation mechanisms of representative geological disasters within typical regions. The results are as follows: The disaster-prone environments of landslide and debris flow geological disasters in Xinjiang are divided into seven regions: the Altai Mountains and the western hills of Junggar, the Junggar Basin, the northern and southern foothills of Tianshan, the Turpan-Hami Basin, the Tarim Basin, and the Kunlun Mountains. (1)Spatially, the unique distribution pattern of landslide and debris flow geological disasters in Xinjiang is characterized by an "E" shape, with three major mountain systems surrounding two major basins. Specifically, the Altai Mountains and North Tianshan surround the Junggar Basin, while South Tianshan and the Kunlun Mountains surround the Tarim Basin, forming an eastward-opening circular distribution. The development of geological disasters weakens gradually from west to east. (2)Temporally, the occurrence of landslide and debris flow geological disasters in Xinjiang is closely related to atmospheric precipitation and melting of ice and snow. Interannual occurrence is mainly controlled by variations in water-rich years, while intra-annual variations are mainly controlled by the rainy season and the ice and snow melting season. The regions with the most developed geological disasters are the Altai Mountains and the western hills of Junggar, the southern slope of Tianshan, and the Altun Mountains and the Kunlun Mountains. The northern slope of Tianshan is the most developed area for landslide and debris flow geological disasters. Their formation mechanisms are closely related to geological environmental conditions such as topography, stratigraphic lithology, and precipitation. (3)The results of this study contribute to summarizing and generalizing the distribution, disaster-prone environment, and disaster-prone mechanisms of landslide and debris flow geological disasters in Xinjiang. This is beneficial in further addressing the key issue of "where geological disasters occur" in geological disaster prevention and control.
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Key words:
- Collapse /
- landslide and debris flow /
- Disaster environment /
- Formation mechanism /
- Xinjiang
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图 1 新疆崩滑流地质灾害分布与地形地貌单元关系图
Figure 1. Relationship diagram between geological disaster distribution and landform unit of collapse,landslide and debris flow in Xinjiang
图 2 新疆地形地貌分区与地质灾害数量、密度关系图
Figure 2. Relationship between topographic and geomorphological zoning and the number and density of geological disasters in Xinjiang
图 3 新疆崩滑流地质灾害分布与地质构造关系图
Figure 3. Map of collapse,landslide and debris flow geological disaster distribution and geological structure in Xinjiang
图 4 新疆地质构造分区与地质灾害数量、密度关系图
Figure 4. Relationship between geological structure zoning and the number and density of geological disasters in Xinjiang
图 5 新疆崩滑流地质灾害分布与大气降雨分布关系图
Figure 5. Relationship between the distribution of collapse,landslide and debris flow geological disasters and atmospheric rainfall in Xinjiang
图 6 新疆气候分区与地质灾害数量、密度关系图
Figure 6. Relationship between climate zoning and the number and density of geological disasters in Xinjiang
图 7 新疆崩滑流地质灾害分布与工程地质分区关系图
Figure 7. The distribution of collapse,landslide and debris flow geological disasters and engineering geological zoning in Xinjiang
图 8 新疆工程地质分区与地质灾害数量、密度关系图
Figure 8. Relationship between engineering geological zoning and the number and density of geological disasters in Xinjiang
图 9 新疆崩滑流地质灾害孕灾环境分区图
Figure 9. Zonation of disaster environments of collapse,landslide and debris flow geologic hazards in Xinjiang
图 10 新疆崩滑流地质灾害分布图
Figure 10. Map of collapse,landslide and debris flow geologic hazards in Xinjiang
图 11 新疆地质灾害空间分布图
Figure 11. Spatial distribution map of geological disasters in Xinjiang
图 12 新疆2011~2022年各月份地质灾害发生数量分布柱状图
Figure 12. The histogram of the number distribution of geological disasters during 2011~2022 in Xinjiang
图 14 阿勒泰将军沟泥石流灾害示意图
Figure 14. Schematic diagram of the Jiangjungou debris flow disaster in Altay
图 15 新源县阿勒玛勒滑坡泥石流灾害链示意图
Figure 15. Schematic diagram of Alemale Landslide and debris flow disaster chain in Xinyuan County
图 16 昌吉市庙尔沟滑坡灾害示意图
Figure 16. Schematic diagram of Miaoergou Landslide disaster in Changji City
图 18 柯坪县贝勒克勒克泥石流灾害示意图
Figure 18. Schematic diagram of Beilekeleke debris flow in Keping County
图 20 叶城县西合休崩塌灾害示意图
Figure 20. Schematic diagram of Xihexiu collapse disaster in Yecheng County
表 1 各孕灾环境分区地质灾害统计表
Table 1. Statistical table of geological disasters in each disaster-inducing environment partition
孕灾环境分区 面积/km2 崩塌 滑坡 泥石流 小计 密度/处·(100 km)-2 百分比/% 阿尔泰山地和准噶尔西部山地区 112 207 1555 118 247 1920 1.71 11.76 昆仑山区 481 759 1276 236 1387 2899 0.60 17.76 天山南麓区 283 204 1985 101 723 2809 0.99 17.21 天山北麓区 148 745 3354 3411 1126 7891 5.31 48.34 塔里木盆地区 150 843 266 10 174 450 0.30 2.76 吐哈盆地区 83 637 80 0 26 106 0.13 0.65 准噶尔盆地区 364 769 128 27 93 248 0.07 1.52 
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表 2 新疆崩滑流地质灾害规模统计表
Table 2. Statistical table of geological disaster scale of collapse,landslide and debris flow in Xinjiang
规模 灾害类型及占比/% 崩塌 滑坡 泥石流 巨型 0.07 0.88 1.50 大型 0.92 4.69 2.58 中型 9.33 12.95 15.81 小型 89.67 81.48 80.09
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表 3 新疆已发生崩滑流的地质灾害灾情级别统计表
Table 3. Statistical table of disaster level of collapse,landslide and debris flow geological disasters in Xinjiang
规模 灾害类型及占比/% 崩塌 滑坡 泥石流 特大型(处) 0.01 0.00 0.01 大型(处) 0.05 0.01 0.01 中型(处) 0.52 0.18 0.23 小型(处) 46.79 28.00 21.00
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