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CHANGE OF MECHANICAL STRENGTH OF LOESS IN ILI REGION UNDER DIFFERENT FREEZE-THAW CYCLES AND MOISTURE CONTENTS
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摘要: 新疆伊犁地区融雪季节和雨季黄土滑坡灾害频繁发生，亟需探究伊犁地区黄土在不同冻融循环次数和含水率条件下力学强度的变化特征，本文以伊犁地区新源县某天然黄土斜坡处的黄土作为研究对象，通过室内三轴压缩试验和扫描电子显微镜试验来探究伊犁地区黄土的宏微观特性变化。主要研究成果如下：(1)不同冻融循环次数条件下，室内三轴压缩试验过程中以轴向变形为主，变形破坏机制由挤压-横向拉裂型向弯曲-纵向拉裂型转变。试样黏聚力总体上先减小后增大然后稳定，而内摩擦角总体的变化趋势为先增大后减小。(2)含水率对黄土试样硬化-软化程度影响较大，随着含水率的增加，应变逐渐呈现出弱软化-弱硬化-一般硬化-弱软化的变化趋势。试样的黏聚力、内摩擦角随着含水率的增高均呈现先增大后减小的二次抛物线关系。(3)在不同冻融循环条件下，黄土微结构由粒状、镶嵌、面胶结-微胶结结构转变为凝块、分散、点接触-胶结结构；小颗粒通过凝结作用形成了大颗粒，颗粒形态变得复杂，接近等轴的颗粒在减少，排列变得无序，黄土颗粒不断裂解充填孔隙，凝聚扩大孔隙，孔隙形态趋近于简单。总体上伊犁地区黄土的微观颗粒结构经历了一个稳定-不稳定-稳定的过程。(4)随着含水率的增加，黄土微结构为粒状、镶嵌、面胶结-微胶结结构，伊犁地区黄土含水率存在一个特殊值——最优含水率，在其附近黄土大颗粒最多、接近等轴的颗粒最多、轮廓线最简单、颗粒排列最有序。本研究结果以期为伊犁地区黄土滑坡灾害的预测与防治提供理论依据并奠定基础。Abstract: The occurrence of frequent loess landslides during the snowmelt and rainy seasons in the Ili region of Xinjiang necessitates a thorough investigation into the mechanical strength variations of loess in the region under different freeze-thaw cycles and moisture contents. This study focuses on examining the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of loess at a natural slope in Xinyuan County,Ili region. Through comprehensive laboratory triaxial compression tests and scanning electron microscopy experiments,the following key research findings are obtained:(1)Under different freeze-thaw cycle conditions,the triaxial compression tests reveal a predominant axial deformation process during which the deformation failure mechanism transitions from extrusion-lateral tensile cracking to bending-longitudinal tensile cracking. The cohesion of the samples generally exhibits an initial decrease,followed by an increase and subsequent stabilization,whereas the internal friction angle demonstrates an overall increasing-decreasing trend. (2)Moisture content significantly influences the degree of hardening-softening of the yellow loess samples. Increasing moisture content leads to a gradual transformation from weak softening to weak hardening,followed by general hardening,and finally,a return to weak softening. The cohesion and internal friction angle of the samples exhibit a quadratic relationship with moisture content,displaying an initial increase and subsequent decrease. (3)The microstructure of the loess undergoes a transformation from a granular,intercalated,and face-cemented to a micro-cemented structure under different freeze-thaw cycle conditions,evolving further into a blocky,dispersed,and point contact-cemented structure. The coalescence of smaller particles results in the formation of larger particles,leading to a complex particle morphology with reduced equiaxed particles and disordered arrangements. Continuous fracturing of the yellow loess particles contributes to pore filling,pore coalescence,and simplified pore morphology. Overall,the micro-particle structure of the loess in the Ili region experiences a stable-unstable-stable process. (4)With increasing moisture content,the microstructure of the yellow loess exhibits a transition from a granular,intercalated,and face-cemented to a micro-cemented structure. The optimal moisture content represents a critical point for the loess in the Ili region,characterized by the highest proportion of large particles,equiaxed particles,the simplest contour lines,and the most ordered particle arrangement. These research findings provide a robust theoretical foundation for the prediction and prevention of loess landslide disasters in the Ili region.
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Key words:
- Freeze-thaw cycles /
- Water content /
- Loess /
- Mechanical strength /
- Damage characteristics /
- Ili
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图 2 研究区黄土颗粒粒径分布曲线
Figure 2. The particle size distribution curve of loess in the study area
图 6 试验过程中黄土试样变形特征
Figure 6. Deformation characteristics of loess samples during the test
图 7 不同冻融循环次数下黄土应力-应变曲线(含水率为17%)
Figure 7. Stress-strain curve of loess under different freeze-thaw cycles(moisture content was 17%) a. σ3=100 kPa; b. σ3=200 kPa; c. σ3=300 kPa
图 8 不同含水率条件下黄土应力-应变曲线(冻融0次)
Figure 8. Stress-strain curve of loess under different moisture content conditions(moisture content was 17%) a. σ3=100 kPa; b. σ3=200 kPa; c. σ3=300 kPa
图 9 不同冻融循环次数条件下黄土抗剪强度参数的变化
a. 冻融循环次数对黏聚力的影响；b. 冻融循环次数对内摩擦角的影响
Figure 9. Variation of shear strength parameters of loess under freeze-thaw cycles
图 10 不同含水率条件下黄土抗剪强度参数的变化
a. 含水率对黏聚力的影响；b. 含水率对内摩擦角的影响
Figure 10. The variation of shear strength parameters of loess under different water content conditions
图 11 黄土微观结构定性分析内容一览
Figure 11. Qualitative analysis content list of loess microstructure
图 12 不同冻融循环次数下黄土损伤示意图
Figure 12. The schematic diagram of loess damage under different freeze-thaw cycles
图 13 不同含水率条件黄土损伤示意图
Figure 13. The schematic diagram of loess damage under different water content conditions
表 1 研究区黄土基本物理指标
Table 1. Basic physical indexes of loess in the study area
土样
来源密度
/g·cm-3天然含水率
/%塑限
/%液限
/%最大干密度
/g·cm-3最优含水率
/%新源县 1.67 26.64 17.34 27.09 1.86 17.40 
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表 2 黄土试样试验过程中破坏机制
Table 2. Failure mechanism of loess samples during the test process
样品 应力-应变关系曲线类型 变形类型及特征 破坏类型及特征 变形破坏机制 不同冻融循环次数 0 
弱硬化型 弯曲变形为主，无明显裂隙产生 弹性-弹塑性破坏 剪胀与剪缩作用大致相当且剪缩作用稍大，为挤压-横向拉裂型变形破坏机制 15 
一般硬化型 侧面鼓胀变形为主，无明显裂隙产生，并呈现渐进性破坏特点 弹性-弹塑性破坏 剪缩作用大于剪胀作用，为挤压-横向拉裂型变形破坏机制 30 
强硬化型 以轴向变形为主，无裂隙产生 弹性-弹塑性破坏 剪缩作用大于剪胀作用，为挤压-横向拉裂型变形破坏机制 60 
弱软化型 侧面鼓胀变形为主，出现了明显的破裂面 弹性-弹塑性-塑性破坏 剪胀与剪缩作用大致相当且剪胀作用稍大，为弯曲-纵向拉裂型变形破坏机制 不同含水率/% 15 
弱软化型 轴向变形为主，沿裂隙发生剪切滑移，形成了明显的剪切面 弹性-弹塑性-塑性破坏 剪胀与剪缩作用大致相当且剪胀作用稍大，为弯曲-纵向拉裂变形破坏机制 17 
弱硬化型 轴向变形为主，有裂隙产生但未形成剪切面 弹性-弹塑性-塑性破坏 剪胀与剪缩作用大致相当且剪缩作用稍大，为挤压-横向拉裂型变形破坏机制 19 
弱软化型 以轴向变形为主，沿裂隙发生剪切滑移，有剪切面 弹性-弹塑性-塑性破坏 剪胀与剪缩作用大致相当且剪胀作用稍大，为弯曲-纵向拉裂变形破坏机制
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表 3 硬化型应力-应变曲线类型分类标准
Table 3. Classification standard of hardening stress-strain curve type
硬化程度 强硬化 一般硬化 弱硬化 ρ ＜0.1 0.1~0.4 ＞0.4
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表 4 软化型应力-应变曲线类型及分类标准
Table 4. Types and classification criteria of softening stress-strain curves
软化程度 强软化 一般软化 弱软化 |k| ＞1.0 0.1~1.0 ＜0.1
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表 5 不同冻融循环次数条件下黄土应力-应变曲线硬化-软化程度分类结果
Table 5. Classification results of hardening-softening degree of loess stress-strain curve under different freeze-thaw cycles
试样 曲率|k| 硬化/软化程度 ω=17%，
σ3=100 kPaD=0 0.2026 一般硬化 D=5 0.6283 弱硬化 D=10 0.6133 弱硬化 D=20 0.6074 弱硬化 D=30 0.4496 弱硬化 D=45 0.3899 一般硬化 D=60 0.1661 一般硬化 ω=17%，
σ3=200 kPaD=0 0.5425 弱硬化 D=5 0.4326 弱硬化 D=10 0.4097 弱硬化 D=20 0.2848 一般硬化 D=30 0.4040 弱硬化 D=45 0.0113 弱软化 D=60 0.0361 弱软化 ω=17%，
σ3=300 kPaD=0 0.6370 弱硬化 D=5 0.4326 弱硬化 D=10 0.3491 一般硬化 D=20 0.2251 一般硬化 D=30 0.0996 强硬化 D=45 0.0445 弱软化 D=60 0.0089 弱软化
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表 6 不同含水率条件下黄土应力-应变曲线硬化-软化程度分类结果
Table 6. Classification results of hardening-softening degree of loess stress-strain curve under different water content conditions
试样 类型 曲率|k| 硬化/软化程度 D=0，
σ3=100 kPaω=13% 软化型 0.0050 弱软化 ω=15% 软化型 0.0089 弱软化 ω=17% 硬化型 0.2026 一般硬化 ω=19% 硬化型 0.5347 弱硬化 ω=21% 软化型 0.0166 弱软化 D=0，
σ3=200 kPaω=13% 软化型 0.0174 弱软化 ω=15% 硬化型 0.4558 弱硬化 ω=17% 硬化型 0.5425 弱硬化 ω=19% 硬化型 0.5543 弱硬化 ω=21% 软化型 0.0144 弱软化 D=0，
σ3=300 kPaω=13% 软化型 0.0296 弱软化 ω=15% 硬化型 0.4533 弱硬化 ω=17% 硬化型 0.6370 弱硬化 ω=19% 软化型 0.0123 弱软化 ω=21% 软化型 0.0361 弱软化
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表 7 不同冻融循环次数条件下黄土微观结构特征表
Table 7. Table of microstructure characteristics of loess under different freeze-thaw cycles
循环
次数主要颗
粒形态主要颗粒形态特征 主要颗粒
结构特征主要接
触关系主要联
接方式主要孔
隙类型主要胶
结类型主要微结构分类 0次 粉粒 椭圆形球状、似长柱状、
不规则状角砾型、镶嵌型 镶嵌接触 面胶结 粒间镶嵌孔隙 微胶结 粒状、镶嵌、面胶结-微胶结结构 5次 粉粒 椭圆形球状、不规则状 角砾型、镶嵌型 支架接触 点接触 粒间架空孔隙 微胶结 粒状、支架、点接触-微胶结结构 10次 粉粒 椭圆形球状、不规则状 角砾型、附着型 支架接触 点接触 粒间架空孔隙 半胶结 粒状、支架、点接触-半胶结结构 20次 粉粒 似圆状、椭圆形球状、
不规则状基底型、附着型 分散接触 点接触 粒间架空孔隙 半胶结 粒状、分散、点接触-半胶结结构 30次 凝块 椭圆形球状、不规则状 基底型、附着型 分散接触 点接触 粒内胶结物孔隙 半胶结 凝块、分散、点接触-半胶结结构 45次 凝块 圆球状、不规则状 基底型、附着型 分散接触 点接触 粒内胶结物孔隙 胶结 凝块、分散、点接触-胶结结构 60次 凝块 圆球状、不规则状 基底型、附着型 分散接触 点接触 粒内胶结物孔隙 胶结 凝块、分散、点接触-胶结结构
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表 8 不同含水率条件下黄土微观结构特征
Table 8. Microstructure characteristics of loess with different water content
含水率 颗粒
形态颗粒形态特征 颗粒结构特征 接触关系 联接
方式孔隙类型 胶结
类型微结构分类 13% 粉粒 椭圆形球状、不规则状 角砾型、镶嵌型 镶嵌接触 面胶结 粒间镶嵌孔隙 微胶结 粒状、镶嵌、面胶结-微胶结结构 15% 粉粒 似圆状、不规则状 角砾型、镶嵌型 镶嵌接触 面胶结 粒间镶嵌孔隙 微胶结 粒状、镶嵌、面胶结-微胶结结构 17% 粉粒 圆球状、似长柱状、
不规则状角砾型、镶嵌型 镶嵌接触 面胶结 粒间镶嵌孔隙 微胶结 粒状、镶嵌、面胶结-微胶结结构 19% 集粒 似圆形球状、规则状 角砾型、镶嵌型 镶嵌接触 面胶结 粒间镶嵌孔隙 半胶结 粒状、镶嵌、面胶结-半胶结结构 21% 凝块 椭圆形球状、规则状 角砾型、镶嵌型 镶嵌接触 面胶结 粒间镶嵌孔隙 胶结 凝块、镶嵌、面胶结-胶结结构
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