天山山脉山地坡积土风化成生过程及垂直分带特征初探

    PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION ON WEATHERING PROCESS AND VERTICAL ZONING CHARACTERISTICS OF CLINOSOL IN TIANSHAN MOUNTAINS

    • 摘要: 新疆天山山脉海拔落差大,受气候及地形条件的影响其垂直分带性显著。天山山脉独特的地理位置及地质构造特征决定了山脉植被特征及垂直带谱发育的复杂性,也是影响坡积土分布与发育的重要条件。本文通过总结新疆天山山脉整体空间地理格局、地质造山过程和特殊地质地貌发育特征,进而明确了坡积土的风化成生过程及演化机制,并分析了天山山脉垂直分带划分界限及各分带内坡积土表层植被和地质灾害分布特征。研究表明:(1)新疆天山山脉横贯新疆中部,山脉发育主要受到古生代陆缘增生-碰撞造山、新生代晚期陆内造山及持续的冰川侵蚀等作用演化而成,其独特气候环境条件的差异性及规律性造就了天山山脉地貌发育具有水平过渡完整、垂直分带特性显著等特点;(2)天山山脉坡积土风化成生过程经历了原位风化、运移沉积及有机质积聚三环节,各环节依次进行又同时发生,具有循环递进特点;(3)依据海拔梯度与水热条件可将坡积土类型进行垂直分带划分,主要表现在:以博格达峰为代表的天山山脉北坡坡积土类型沿海拔由高到低依次为高山原始土、高山-亚高山草甸土、山地黑钙土、栗钙土、灰褐土、荒漠灰棕漠土;以托木尔峰为代表的天山山脉南坡坡积土类型沿海拔由高到低依次为:高山原始土、高山-亚高山草甸土、淡栗钙土、棕钙土、棕漠土;(4)天山山脉坡积土地质灾害受不同海拔处地貌条件及气候环境因素影响而产生了垂直分带特性,可以划分为冰川动力作用型、冰水侵蚀作用型、降水补给作用型。研究为明晰不同海拔内坡积土垂直分带及地质灾害特征提供基础指导价值。

       

      Abstract: The Tianshan Mountain Range in Xinjiang has a large elevation difference,and its vertical zoning is significantly affected by climatic and topographic conditions. The unique geographical location and tectonic characteristics of the Tianshan Mountain Range determine the complexity of vegetation characteristics and vertical band spectrum development of the mountain range,which are the primary conditions affecting the distribution and development of clinosol. This paper summarizes the overall spatial-geographic pattern,geological mountain building process and special geomorphological development characteristics of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang,and then clarifies the weathering-formation process and evolution mechanism of clinosol,and analyzes the boundary of vertical zoning in the Tianshan Mountains and the distribution characteristics of surface vegetation and geological hazards of clinosol in each zoning. The study shows that:(1)The Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang cross the central part of Xinjiang,and the development of the mountains is mainly influenced by the Paleozoic land margin accretion-collisional orogeny,late Cenozoic intra-land orogeny and continuous glacial erosion,etc. Its unique climatic and environmental conditions are different and regular,which has created the features of complete horizontal transition and significant vertical divergence in the development of the Tianshan Mountains. (2)The weathering process of the clinosol in the Tianshan Mountains is characterized by in situ weathering,transport deposition and organic matter accumulation,each of which occurs sequentially and simultaneously,with a cyclic progression. (3)The vertical zoning of clinosol types according to the altitude gradient and hydrothermal conditions is mainly manifested as follows: the types of clinosol in the north of the Tianshan Mountains represented by Bogda Peak are,in order from high to low altitude,alpine primitive soil,alpine-subalpine meadow soil,mountain chernozem,chestnut soil,gray-brown soil and gray-brown desert soil. The types of clinosol in the south of the Tianshan Mountains represented by Tomur Peak are,in order from high to low altitude,alpine primitive soil,alpine-subalpine meadow soil,light chestnut soil,brown calcium soil and brown desert soil. (4)The geological hazards of clinosol in the Tianshan Mountains are influenced by geomorphological conditions and climatic environmental factors at different altitudes and have vertical zoning characteristics,which can be divided into glacier power type,ice and water erosion type,and strong precipitation recharge type. The study provides basic guidance for the clarification of vertical zoning and geohazard characteristics of the clinosol in different elevations.

       

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