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PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION ON WEATHERING PROCESS AND VERTICAL ZONING CHARACTERISTICS OF CLINOSOL IN TIANSHAN MOUNTAINS
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摘要: 新疆天山山脉海拔落差大，受气候及地形条件的影响其垂直分带性显著。天山山脉独特的地理位置及地质构造特征决定了山脉植被特征及垂直带谱发育的复杂性，也是影响坡积土分布与发育的重要条件。本文通过总结新疆天山山脉整体空间地理格局、地质造山过程和特殊地质地貌发育特征，进而明确了坡积土的风化成生过程及演化机制，并分析了天山山脉垂直分带划分界限及各分带内坡积土表层植被和地质灾害分布特征。研究表明：(1)新疆天山山脉横贯新疆中部，山脉发育主要受到古生代陆缘增生-碰撞造山、新生代晚期陆内造山及持续的冰川侵蚀等作用演化而成，其独特气候环境条件的差异性及规律性造就了天山山脉地貌发育具有水平过渡完整、垂直分带特性显著等特点；(2)天山山脉坡积土风化成生过程经历了原位风化、运移沉积及有机质积聚三环节，各环节依次进行又同时发生，具有循环递进特点；(3)依据海拔梯度与水热条件可将坡积土类型进行垂直分带划分，主要表现在：以博格达峰为代表的天山山脉北坡坡积土类型沿海拔由高到低依次为高山原始土、高山-亚高山草甸土、山地黑钙土、栗钙土、灰褐土、荒漠灰棕漠土；以托木尔峰为代表的天山山脉南坡坡积土类型沿海拔由高到低依次为：高山原始土、高山-亚高山草甸土、淡栗钙土、棕钙土、棕漠土；(4)天山山脉坡积土地质灾害受不同海拔处地貌条件及气候环境因素影响而产生了垂直分带特性，可以划分为冰川动力作用型、冰水侵蚀作用型、降水补给作用型。研究为明晰不同海拔内坡积土垂直分带及地质灾害特征提供基础指导价值。Abstract: The Tianshan Mountain Range in Xinjiang has a large elevation difference,and its vertical zoning is significantly affected by climatic and topographic conditions. The unique geographical location and tectonic characteristics of the Tianshan Mountain Range determine the complexity of vegetation characteristics and vertical band spectrum development of the mountain range,which are the primary conditions affecting the distribution and development of clinosol. This paper summarizes the overall spatial-geographic pattern,geological mountain building process and special geomorphological development characteristics of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang,and then clarifies the weathering-formation process and evolution mechanism of clinosol,and analyzes the boundary of vertical zoning in the Tianshan Mountains and the distribution characteristics of surface vegetation and geological hazards of clinosol in each zoning. The study shows that:(1)The Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang cross the central part of Xinjiang,and the development of the mountains is mainly influenced by the Paleozoic land margin accretion-collisional orogeny,late Cenozoic intra-land orogeny and continuous glacial erosion,etc. Its unique climatic and environmental conditions are different and regular,which has created the features of complete horizontal transition and significant vertical divergence in the development of the Tianshan Mountains. (2)The weathering process of the clinosol in the Tianshan Mountains is characterized by in situ weathering,transport deposition and organic matter accumulation,each of which occurs sequentially and simultaneously,with a cyclic progression. (3)The vertical zoning of clinosol types according to the altitude gradient and hydrothermal conditions is mainly manifested as follows: the types of clinosol in the north of the Tianshan Mountains represented by Bogda Peak are,in order from high to low altitude,alpine primitive soil,alpine-subalpine meadow soil,mountain chernozem,chestnut soil,gray-brown soil and gray-brown desert soil. The types of clinosol in the south of the Tianshan Mountains represented by Tomur Peak are,in order from high to low altitude,alpine primitive soil,alpine-subalpine meadow soil,light chestnut soil,brown calcium soil and brown desert soil. (4)The geological hazards of clinosol in the Tianshan Mountains are influenced by geomorphological conditions and climatic environmental factors at different altitudes and have vertical zoning characteristics,which can be divided into glacier power type,ice and water erosion type,and strong precipitation recharge type. The study provides basic guidance for the clarification of vertical zoning and geohazard characteristics of the clinosol in different elevations.
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Key words:
- Tianshan Mountains /
- Clinosol /
- Weathering process /
- Vertical zonation /
- Hazard characteristics
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图 2 天山山脉坡积土风化成生过程示意图
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the weathering and growth process of clinosol
图 3 天山山脉土壤-植被垂直分布图
Figure 3. Vertical distribution of soil-vegetation in the Tian Shan Mountains
表 1 天山南坡坡积土空间分类及植被发育状况(满苏尔·沙比提等，2016)
Table 1. Spatial classification and vegetation development of Tian Shan clinosol
垂直自然带 坡积土类型 海拔高度/m 植被特征 坡积土概况 冰雪带 — 4250~7443 由于终年积雪，基本无植被分布 冰川广布，坡积土不发育 高山垫状植被带 高山原始土 3600~4250 植被是高山草甸和垫状植被 坡积土大部不发育，多为高山原始土，仅在冰川侧碛的外侧及局部缓坡上有土颗粒覆盖 高山草甸带 高山草甸土 2900~3600 植被覆盖度60%~80%，分布有一定数量的耐寒的多年生中生草本植物 坡积土分层具有显著的冻融特征，表层坡积土有机质含量可达到20%以上，腐殖质层显著，全剖面呈现碳酸钙反应 亚高山草甸带 亚高山草甸土 2600~2900 植被覆盖度50%~70%，气候寒冷但较湿润，为草原植被的生长发育提供了有利条件 坡积土有机质含量高达7%，腐殖质层较厚，表层的碳酸钙淋洗中下层，全剖面呈现碱性反应 山地草原带 淡栗钙土 2200~2600 植被覆盖度40%~60%，植物种类丰富，草原具有低矮、稀疏的特点，一般草高15~20 cm 坡积土有机质含量低于5%，腐殖质层不厚，呈现淡栗色，在中下层碳酸钙不同程度地聚集 温带荒漠草原带 棕钙土 1900~2200 植被覆盖度30%~50%，植被高度25~35 cm，成层现象较明显，根系扎深而密集 腐殖质层一般<20 cm，坡积土含盐量可达1%左右，坡积土垂直剖面碳酸盐的淋溶不明显，全剖面呈现碱性反应 暖温带荒漠带 山地棕漠土 1450~1900 植被覆盖稀疏，植物种类贫乏，植物具有耐旱特征，叶子退化，根系发达 该分区坡积土表层具有疏松的浅灰色结皮，中层具有白色粉末状石膏，下层多含砾石，全剖面呈现碳酸盐反应 
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表 2 天山山脉坡积土地质灾害发育统计
Table 2. Development statistics of predicate land disasters on clinosol of the Tianshan Mountains
地质灾害 地貌特征 灾害类型 海拔/m 典型特征 频发地区及案例 数据来源 冰川动力作用型 常年冰雪覆盖，集中分布冰斗、角峰和刃脊等冰川侵蚀地貌 雪岩崩、冰岩崩 ＞5000 爆发突然、崩塌量大、速度快、致灾效应明显 独库公路沿线以及巴仑台至新源公路沿线 刘耕年等(1997) 堆积大量古代冰川沉积物，冰冻风化强烈 冰湖溃决、滑坡、冰雪型碎屑流 4000~5000 突发性、高速远程、方量大、破坏力强 阿克苏河上游的昆马力克河谷冰湖溃决 刘景时(1993) 刘时银等(1998) 冰水侵蚀作用型 剥蚀和冰蚀作用致使基岩大部裸露 热融滑塌、热融湖塘 3600~4500 地表活动、温控性、灾变坡度较缓 乌鲁木齐-库尔勒公路处热融滑塌、天山西部那拉提山区 俞祁浩等(2013) 降雨补给作用型 草甸带普遍存在，水资源丰富，植被覆盖度较高，沟谷纵横 流滑型滑坡、滑坡坝或堰塞湖、强补给型泥流及山洪灾害 1900~3600 种类复杂、致灾因子多样、链生特征鲜明 新源县则克台萨依滑坡-泥石流堆积形成的堰塞湖，新源县加朗普特堰塞湖滑坡 宋茜茜等(2019) 马超等(2021) 草原带过渡到荒漠带，降水匮乏，热量较高 崩塌、滑坡、溜砂坡 ＜1900 温控性、规模较小、影响大 哈希勒根达坂以北地区溜砂坡 罗路广等(2018)
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