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AIR-GROUND INTEGRATED MONITORING METHOD OF LEAKAGE RISK DURING GEOLOGICAL CARBON SEQUESTRATION
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摘要: 为了有效验证和评估地质碳封存的持久性和安全性，本文设计空地一体化的地质碳封存区域泄露风险监测方法，并对封存区域的大气CO2浓度时空变化进行了分析。以地质资料、CO2地面站点数据、OCO-2卫星等数据为研究基础，以新疆维吾尔自治区准噶尔盆地油田碳封存区为研究区域，构建了空地一体化的地质碳封存泄露风险监测方案，设计了“特征提取-特征嵌入-距离度量-特征解码”的空地监测数据融合方法，设计可变密度的地表监测传感节点优化部署网络算法，或密集或稀疏地布设监测节点有效提高监测的准确性，处理OCO-2碳卫星数据分析封存区域大气CO2自然背景浓度波动本底，基于局部近似回归法逐步逼近回归拟合并分离地表监测时序数据，实现全生命周期长期而持续的地表监测CO2局域特征及浓度梯度场分布对比分析。结果表明，空地一体化的地质碳封存泄露地表监测方法，能有效优化CO2地质封存区的传感监测节点部署，通过融合碳卫星观测数据实现地质碳封存泄露扩散场景的长期监测并追踪，为封存泄露过程的精准监测和预警提供科学数据基础，为落实地质负碳创新技术成效和有关政策制定提供重要数据支撑。Abstract: In order to effectively validate and evaluate the persistence and safety of geological carbon sequestration,this study conducted long-term and continuous monitoring of leakage risks in geological carbon sequestration areas,and analyzed the spatio-temporal variation of atmospheric CO2 concentrations. The research focused on oilfield injection areas with diverse terrain,geomorphology,and differentiated meteorological conditions. Utilizing geological data,CO2 ground station data,OCO-2 satellite data,and other data sources as the research foundation,the study primarily focused on the oilfield carbon sequestration area in the Junggar Basin of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. An integrated air-ground approach for monitoring the leakage risks of geological carbon sequestration was designed,incorporating a "feature extraction-feature embedding-distance measurement-feature decoding" method to integrate spatial and temporal monitoring data,as well as a network optimization algorithm for deploying surface monitoring sensor nodes with variable density to improve monitoring accuracy. The analysis of OCO-2 carbon satellite data was used to handle the fluctuation background of atmospheric CO2 natural concentrations in the sequestration area. The localized approximate regression method was employed to gradually approach regression fitting and separate the time series data of surface monitoring,enabling comprehensive and long-term monitoring of local features and concentration gradient fields of surface CO2 throughout the entire life cycle. The results indicate that the air-ground integrated monitoring method for geologic carbon sequestration leakage,combined with an algorithm that optimizes the deployment of sensing monitoring nodes in CO2 geological sequestration areas through variable-density network optimization coverage,can effectively optimize the long-term monitoring and tracking of surface leakage scenarios of geologic carbon sequestration by integrating carbon satellite observation data and CO2 ground station data. This provides a scientific data foundation for the accurate monitoring and early warning of the sequestration leakage process,further confirming the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed air-ground integrated approach for monitoring the risk of geologic carbon sequestration leakage and supporting the implementation of geological carbon-negative innovative technologies and relevant policy-making with important data support.
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图 3 封存区域“地表-卫星”监测数据融合方法
Figure 3. Surface-satellite monitoring data fusion method for GCS
图 6 可变密度的地表监测网络优化算法流程图
Figure 6. Flow chart of variable density network optimization coverage algorithm
图 7 CO2地质封存地面监测网络部署三维场景
Figure 7. Three-dimensional scene of deployment of ground monitoring network for GCS
图 10 2015~2021年新疆维吾尔自治区月均CO2浓度
Figure 10. Monthly average CO2 concentration in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from 2015 to 2021
图 11 2015~2021年新疆维吾尔自治区CO2月均浓度空间分布
Figure 11. Spatial distribution of monthly average CO2 concentration in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from 2015 to 2021
图 12 自治区准噶尔盆地断裂带年均CO2浓度分布
Figure 12. Average annual CO2 concentration distribution in the Junggar Basin fault zone, Xinjiang
图 13 断裂5号数据点处2015~2021年月均CO2浓度变化
Figure 13. Monthly average CO2 concentration changes at data point 5 from 2015 to 2021
图 14 碳封存监测实验点年均CO2浓度分布
Figure 14. Average annual CO2 concentration distribution at carbon sequestration monitoring experimental sites
图 15 碳封存监测实验区域月均CO2浓度变化
Figure 15. Monthly average CO2 concentration changes in the carbon sequestration experimental area
表 1 全球已发射的碳监测卫星信息汇总
Table 1. Summary of GHG monitoring satellites(Launched, or to belaunched before 2028)
发射时间/年 卫星或载荷 国家/地区 轨道/km 精度 幅宽/km 空间分辨率 CO2/×10-6 CH4/×10-9 2002 SCIAMACHY 欧盟 772 16 — 960 32×60 km2 2009 GOSAT 日本 666 <4 34 640 φ10.5 km 2014 OCO-2 美国 705 1 — 10.6 1.29×2.25 km2 2016 TanSat 中国 700 1~4 — 20 1×2 km2 2016 GHGSat-D 加拿大 520 4 — — <50 m 2017 Sentinel-5P 欧盟 824 — 5.6 2600 7×5.5 km2 2017 FY-3D 中国 836.4 1~4 — — φ10 km 2018 GF-5 中国 708 1~4 — 800 φ10.5 km 2018 GOSAT-2 日本 613 1 5 632 φ9.7 km 2019 OCO-3 美国 394 1 — 16 4 km2 2021 GHGSat-C2 加拿大 530 — 18 — 25 m 2021 GF5-02 中国 <700 1~4 20 60 30 m 2022 Microcarb 法国 650 0.5~1 — 13.5 2×2 km2 2022 MethaneSAT 美国 N.A — 2 260 100×400 m2 2023 FengYun-3G 中国 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A 2022 GEOCARB 美国 35400 1.2 10 3000 3×6 km2 2022 DQ-01 中国 705 N.A N.A N.A N.A 2023 Carbon
Mapper美国 400 N.A N.A 18 30 m 2023 DQ-02 中国 705 N.A — >100 3 km 
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