Abstract: Dissolution-induced unstable tower column rock masses(DIUTCRM)are widely distributed in the limestone regions of high mountains and deep valleys in southwestern China, posing substantial risks to transportation infrastructure—including waterways and highways—and threatening human safety and property. Based on an analysis of the geomorphic evolution characteristics of DIUTCRM, this study elucidates the formation and evolutionary patterns of such rock masses throughout their life cycle. The failure mechanisms are systematically examined from three perspectives: damage evolution of the rock mass, stability analysis, and instability prediction. The study further identifies key scientific questions related to DIUTCRM instability on high, steep slopes and proposes five priority research directions for future breakthroughs. The findings indicate that: (1)Dissolution, wetting-drying cycles, freeze-thaw degradation, and hydrodynamic erosion are critical factors driving damage accumulation, deformation, and eventual failure of DIUTCRM. Accordingly, a research framework is proposed for classifying and evaluating limestone damage based on distinct macro-and micro-morphological characteristics. (2)Establishing a valid geomechanical model of DIUTCRM is essential for accurate stability analysis. The stability of the rock mass within the basal deterioration zone largely governs the overall potential for collapse. (3)Instability prediction for DIUTCRM encompasses four main aspects: failure mode, deformation progression, stability state, and failure timing. However, research in this area remains inadequate. Integrating artificial intelligence algorithms, such as machine learning, is expected to significantly enhance prediction reliability and intelligence. These findings provide an important theoretical foundation for understanding collapse disaster mechanisms on high, steep slopes in karst terrain.