Abstract: After glacier transport, accumulation, and ablation, moraine soil constitutes the primary product in high-mountain glacier areas on the edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China. Influenced by the topography and extreme climate of these regions, it exhibits characteristics such as wide gradation, strong penetration, heterogeneity, non-sorting, and non-bedding. Moraine soil serves as the principal material source contributing to the geological disaster of moraine landslides in high-mountain glacier areas. Systematically understanding the formation process and disaster evolution characteristics of moraine soils in alpine mountain areas is of great practical value for a scientific comprehension of disaster pregnancy mechanisms. To achieve this, the study begins by discussing glaciation and moraine geomorphology characteristics in alpine mountain areas. It then clarifies the evolution process and development conditions of moraine soil, analyzing the distribution characteristics of moraines in high-mountain glacier areas on the margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China. Next, the study summarizes related classification indicators of moraine soil and discusses typical soil-forming characteristics under different deposition positions, deposition times, and genesis. Finally, the main disaster-causing factors and structural characteristics of moraine landslides are examined, and the development characteristics and disaster evolution process of moraine landslides under extreme climate conditions are analyzed. The findings indicate that: (1) The development of moraine soil in high-mountain glacier areas is primarily influenced by glacial ice advance and retreat, prevalent in the western high-altitude region and areas with clustered high-mountain systems exhibiting distinct vertical climate changes. (2) Moraine structures differ based on deposition positions and times, revealing regional variations. Modern moraines at high-altitude glacier sources exhibit loose structure, poor circularity, and undeveloped bedding, while ancient moraines with a broad altitude span feature relatively dense structure. (3) Various failure modes of interfacial landslides induced by different moraine slope structures include shallow surface moraine fall/meltwater creep, ice water accumulation, and ancient moraine layer interface control. The water-holding and slip-promoting effect of the ice-rich zone emerges as the primary cause of landslide disasters at the moraine soil interface. This study aims to provide a fundamental reference for understanding the characteristics of moraine land quality and the mechanisms underlying landslide disasters in high-mountain glacier areas.