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ACCURATE AND EFFICIENT METHOD FOR LOESS LANDSLIDE FINE MAPPING WITH HIGH RESOLUTION CLOSE-RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY
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摘要: 滑坡体积精确计算看似简单实则困难。黄土高原具有植被稀少、岩土暴露程度高、滑坡易发多发等特点。本文在充分认识上述特点的基础上，尝试采用高精度低空摄影测量技术来精确测算滑坡方量。与传统计算方法、遥感和三维激光扫描对比，低空摄影具有受各类因素影响较小、作业灵活、高效、产品精度高等优点。本文以甘肃黑方台党川2#黄土滑坡为例，在介绍近景摄影测量数据获取方法的基础上，采用滑坡前后的高精度的低空摄影测量数据源和结合现场调查，对该滑坡进行精细测绘，实现“数字化滑坡”。研究结果表明：（1) 滑坡长217m，宽176m，滑坡平均厚度约20m（滑源区)，滑距782m，后缘到前缘的落差122m，影响面积为105216m2；（2) 根据斜坡各部分滑动和堆积特征，将其细分为崩滑区、主滑区、滑塌区、流通堆积区、铲卷堆积区、挤压堆积区、二次堆积区、粉尘堆积区；（3) 以高精度DEM求得，滑动和堆积方量体积分别为31.72×104m3和49.96×104m3；（4) 滑坡整体松散系数为1.411，局部的干密度差别较大，其大小与滑坡发育特征和运动过程有密切关系。Abstract: The precise calculation of landslide volume seems simple but difficult actually. The Loess Plateau has a few characteristics which include sparse vegetation, high degree exposure of rock and soil, and landslide susceptibility. It has occurred many landslides. Compared with the traditional calculation method, such as remote sensing and 3D laser scanning, digital close-range photogrammetry is little affected by all kinds of factors and has the features of flexible operation, high efficiency and high precision products. This paper uses Dangchuan 2# loess landslide in Heifangtai tableland as an example. It uses high resolution close-range photogrammetry data to analyze topography change between pre-sliding and post-sliding. Based on the field investigation and carrying out fine mapping of the landslide, this paper realizes the digital landslide. The detailed study consists of landslide influence, landslide area, landslide volume, loose coefficient of landslide volume and the local dry density change. The results are shown the follows.(1) It covers a total area of 105216m2, with 217m in north-south direction, and 176m in west-east direction. The average thickness of the landslide is about 20m (slip source area), with sliding 782m, trailing 122m in altitude from the landslide crown to landslide top.(2) According to the characteristics of the sliding and accumulation of each part of the slope, it is divided into the collapse zone, the main sliding zone, the sliding zone, the circulation accumulation area, the shovel winding accumulation area, the extrusion and accumulation area, the two accumulation area and the dust accumulation area.(3) According to high resolution DEM, the sliding volume is 31.72×104m3 and accumulating volume is 49.96×104m3. (4) The overall loose coefficient of the landslide is 1.411. The local dry density has great difference, which has close relationship with the development characteristics and the movement process of the landslide.
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图 1 实验案例所在的位置及黑方台滑坡发育状况
a.黑方台在甘肃地区的位置；b.黑方台地层剖面；c.党川2#在黑方台的位置及滑坡分布情况
Figure 1. The distribution of landslides in Heifangtai and the location of Dangchuan2# landslide
图 2 滑坡前后的正摄影像图对比图
a.滑坡前正射影像图；b.滑坡后正射影像图；c.党川2#滑后全貌
Figure 2. The compared of positive photographic image from pre-sliding to post-sliding
图 4 现场工作情景
a.规划航线；b.控制点测量；c.地面相控点测量；d.无人机地面工作站；e.四旋翼无人机；f.室内工作流程；g.空三角加密；h.三角纹理立体图
Figure 4. Field work scenarios
图 5 滑坡前后的DEM对比图
a.滑坡前DEM图；b.滑坡后DEM图
Figure 5. The compared of DEM image from pre-sliding to post-sliding
图 8 滑坡前后三维模型和高度变化
a.滑坡前的三维模型；b.滑坡后的三维模型；c.党川2#滑动前后高程差值
Figure 8. Three dimensional model and height change in pre-sliding and post-sliding
图 9 党川2#滑坡分区图及运动路径 (a)；党川2#滑坡工程地质平面图及探孔位置 (b)
a.(1)Ⅰ—第一次滑动，Ⅱ-1—第二次滑动的第一轮滑动，Ⅱ-2—第二次滑动的第二轮滑动，Ⅱ-3—第二次滑动的第三轮滑动；(2) A—滑源区，A1—崩滑滑源区，A2—主滑源区，A3—滑塌滑源区；B—堆积区，B1—流通堆积区，B2—铲卷堆积区，B3—挤压堆积区，B4—二次堆积区，B5—粉末堆积区；b. 1—高程点，2—探孔的位置，3—滑坡分区中的子分区，4—滑坡方向，5—滑坡分区，6—剖面图位置，7—被毁坏的房屋和工厂，8—居民点
Figure 9. The movement route of Dangchuan 2# landslide by orthogonal projection intage (a), Engineering geological map of Dangchuan 2# landslide (b)
表 1 空三结果控制点残差统计表 (m)
Table 1. Satistics of residual error of control points by aero triangulation (m)
残差均值 残差标准差 残差区间 X 0.071 0.037265936 [0.011, 0.115] Y 0.0425 0.039544279 [0.004, 0.083] 平面误差 0.087073727 0.042534545 [0.012, 0.131] 高程误差 0.043375 0.045457762 [0.003, 0.184] 
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表 2 滑坡的滑动体积、堆积体积和松散系数
Table 2. Sliding volume, bulk volume and loose coefficient of the loess landslide
体积分类 面积
/m2平均厚度
/m体积
/104m3滑动
体积/m3DEM获取体积 27422 11.57 31.72 滑源区堆积体积 27400 4 12.69 合计 — — 44.40 堆积
体积/m3滑源区堆积体积 27400 4 12.69 DEM获取堆体积 77800 6.42 49.96 合计 — — 62.65 松散
系数 (γ)— — — 1.411
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表 3 不同区域的土样的干密度、孔隙比
Table 3. The dry density, void ratio and loose coefficient of soil samples in different regions
编号 取样地点 干密度
/g·cm-3孔隙比
(e)干密度
比值T1 滑源区中部 (TK3-13) 0.955 1.827 1.046 T2 滑源区右侧推挤区 (TK5-1) 1.049 1.574 1.149 T3 剪出口中部 (TK3-11) 0.999 1.703 1.094 T4 剪出口左侧 1.021 1.644 1.118 T5 剪出口右侧 1.095 1.466 1.199 T6 堆积体中部 (TK3-5) 0.913 1.957 1.000 T7 堆积体左侧 (TK4-4) 1.000 1.700 1.095 T8 堆积体右侧 (TK1-2) 0.997 1.708 1.092
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