Abstract: The exploitation of shallow geothermal energy is the energy exchange process relating to the geotechnical medium. In the view of geotechnical engineering application, this paper briefly elaborates the present domestic and international research about geotechnical-related issues during shallow geothermal energy exploitation. It points out the existing problems and the development orientation. Furthermore, it presents three key scientific issues. They are heat and moisture migration mechanism of soil in heat transfer process, effect of geological structure on heat transfer and effect of heat transfer on mechanical properties of soil. The paper also analyzes their detailed research contents. It points out the great theoretical and practical significance for understanding effect of shallow geothermal energy exploitation on mechanical behavior, rational development and utilization of shallow geothermal energy, and the energy sustainable development.