REVIEW ON LANDQUAKES RELATED TO ROCK AVALANCHE KINEMATICS

The intensive and continuous interactions between the high-speed surficial mass movements and the underlying rugged topography can generate seismic waves,which is referred to as "landquakes". As a unique research perspective,the research of landquake can provide unprecedented details and unparalleled quantitative data on the exploration of rock avalanche kinematics. This paper presents a systematic review of the representative achievements in the rock avalanche kinematics and the generated landqukes. In particular,it briefly reviews the diachronic process and present status of this field. Then,this paper analyzes the typical kinematic behaviors of rockfalls,rock avalanches and debris flows in terms of their seismic manifestations,and describes the general signal characteristics. Furthermore. This paper reviews the benefits of seismic methods in the toolkit for studying the key properties of rock avalanche processes,and discusses the potential for landquakes with different frequency content to drive advances in our understanding of rock avalanche dynamics. On these bases,the future directions toward seismological research on rock avalanche dynamics are analyzed and discussed. Future works that should be focused are proposed,including setting up better datasets,modeling improvements,integration between basal force fluctuations and landquakes,and deepening of interdisciplinary integration.